{"database": "openregs", "table": "congressional_record", "rows": [["CREC-2004-12-20-pt1-PgS12089-2", "2004-12-20", 108, 2, null, null, "OFFSHORE OUTSOURCING", "SENATE", "SENATE", "ALLOTHER", "S12089", "S12092", "[{\"name\": \"Joseph I. Lieberman\", \"role\": \"speaking\"}]", "[{\"congress\": \"108\", \"type\": \"S\", \"number\": \"1637\"}, {\"congress\": \"108\", \"type\": \"S\", \"number\": \"2143\"}]", "150 Cong. Rec. S12089", "Congressional Record, Volume 150 Issue 140 (Monday, December 20, 2004)\n\n[Congressional Record Volume 150, Number 140 (Monday, December 20, 2004)]\n[Senate]\n[Pages S12089-S12092]\nFrom the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]\n\n                          OFFSHORE OUTSOURCING\n\n  Mr. LIEBERMAN. Mr. President, on December 15, 2004, my office\nreleased a white paper entitled ``Data Dearth in Offshore Outsourcing:\nPolicymaking Requires Facts.'' This white paper is closely linked to a\nprevious white paper entitled ``Offshore Outsourcing and America's\nCompetitive Edge: Losing Out in the High Technology R&D and Services\nSectors.'' The latter was released by my office in May 2004. A summary\nof that report appeared in the Record on May 21, 2004.\n  A key conclusion of the May paper was the absence of reliable data to\nmeasure and assess the offshore outsourcing phenomenon. We do not have\ngood data on the offshoring problem, and the data we have are general\nin nature. Estimates vary widely on the number of jobs moving overseas,\nand the lack of reliable data contributes to incorrect conclusions\nabout the impacts of offshore outsourcing, which can result in flawed\npolicy responses. We need data to understand what we are facing so we\ncan chart a sure and steady course for the future. There is enough\nanecdotal data about job losses to spark debate and, in some cases,\nresult in policies which may provide a short-term fix but which do not\nproduce longer term solutions to preserve U.S. innovation and ensure\nU.S. competitiveness. Comprehensive and balanced data on both job gains\nand job losses resulting from offshore outsourcing are essential. This\ndata must be assembled by U.S. Federal Government agencies, including\nthe Department of Commerce and the Department of Labor, where data-\ngathering capabilities are extensive and research methodologies are\ntransparent.\n  The lack of data is critical because the issues raised in the May\nwhite paper are so important. The white paper was designed to stimulate\na deeper review of the long-term implications for our policy responses\nand to change the terms of the debate on offshore outsourcing. The\npaper looked at rising global competition and the challenges posed to\nAmerica's competitive advantage. Globalization is our current and\nfuture reality; there is no escaping it. The U.S. economy is\ninextricably linked to the rest of the world; our fortunes rise and\nfall depending on our performance with our trading partners and our\ncompetitors. Our strength and success with China, India, and other\nemerging markets is as important to future U.S. economic and national\nsecurity as the competition with Japan and Europe was to U.S. growth\nover the last 50 years. The offshore outsourcing phenomenon is one of\nthe challenging manifestations of globalization.\n  The May white paper found that it was not just manufacturing jobs\nthat are subject to global outsourcing--where 2.7 million jobs have\ndisappeared since 2000--but service sector and high-end R&D jobs are\nalso being hit by offshore outsourcing. And it is not just call\ncenters, data entry facilities, and other entry-level service jobs that\nare impacted by offshore outsourcing. Higher skill professional jobs--\nfrom engineering, computer chip design to nanotechnology R&D--are\nbeginning to go overseas, and with these jobs, we may be losing key\nparts of the talent and technology which fueled the record growth and\nprosperity of the 1990s. Fundamental changes are facing us, as key\ncomponents of our innovation infrastructure--knowledge, capital, labor,\ntechnology and facilities--are increasingly mobile. Offshore\noutsourcing of labor, capital, and technology not only hurts workers\nbut threatens our knowledge-based economy. If engineering, design, R&D,\nand services follow manufacturing abroad, U.S. competitiveness is\nweakened, and our economic prosperity and national security are\nthreatened.\n  What is at stake is the ability of the United States to remain a\nglobal leader in innovation, to maintain good-paying jobs, and to\nexpand our global market share. We must rethink long-term strategies on\ncompetitiveness, innovation, R&D, trade policy, and enforcement, as\nwell as education and investments in human capital. However, we cannot\nbegin to develop effective solutions until we have an understanding of\nthe scope of the offshore outsourcing phenomenon. The need for data on\noffshore outsourcing is paramount.\n  Lord Kelvin, the 19th century Belfast-born physicist said:\n\n       When you can measure what you are speaking about and\n     express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when\n     you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers,\n     your knowledge is of the meager and unsatisfactory kind.\n\n  That was in a May 3, 1883 lecture to the Institute of Civil\nEngineers.\n  By improving U.S. Government data collection, we can ensure that our\nknowledge of offshore outsourcing is neither meager nor unsatisfactory,\nbut informed and balanced. With improved data and analysis, we will\nbuild constructive and lasting solutions to address the challenges\nposed by offshore outsourcing.\n  I would like to thank Sara E. Hagigh of my staff and Mary Jane Bolle\nof the Congressional Research Service for their hard work in\nresearching and preparing this report.\n  Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have excerpts from the\nwhite paper printed in the Congressional Record.\n  The material follows:\n\n                   Excerpt 1, Summary of White Paper\n\n       The issue of offshore outsourcing has been at the center of\n     many key political and public debates over the last few\n     years. The term ``outsourcing'' has become part of our\n     everyday lexicon, gracing the covers of news magazines,\n     television broadcasts, and playing a central role in\n     Congressional debates during an election year. Most Americans\n     are aware of the issue of offshore outsourcing, but few of us\n     have an understanding of the full dimensions of the problem.\n       To develop a better understanding of offshore outsourcing,\n     my office released a white paper in May 2004 entitled\n     ``Offshore\n\n[[Page S12090]]\n\n     Outsourcing and America's Competitive Edge: Losing Out in the\n     High Technology R&D and Services Sectors.'' The white paper\n     found that it is not only manufacturing jobs that are being\n     outsourced overseas, where 2.7 million jobs have disappeared\n     since 2000. Offshore outsourcing has also begun to hit high-\n     end services and R&D jobs, and there is evidence that it is\n     not just call centers, data entry and other entry-level\n     service jobs that are impacted by offshoring. We are\n     beginning to send higher skill professional jobs overseas--\n     including engineering, computer chip design and\n     nanotechnology R&D, and with these jobs, we may be losing the\n     talent and technology that created the growth of the 1990s.\n     The white paper concluded that offshore outsourcing of high-\n     end services and R&D jobs could threaten our innovation\n     infrastructure, and therefore our economic prosperity, and\n     our national security.\n       A key conclusion of the white paper was the absence of\n     reliable data to measure and assess the offshore outsourcing\n     phenomenon. Estimates vary widely on the number of jobs\n     moving overseas, and the lack of reliable data contributes to\n     incorrect conclusions about the impacts of offshore\n     outsourcing. The result is flawed and ineffective policy\n     responses. In order to develop effective policies to address\n     the many facets of the offshore outsourcing challenge--\n     including investments in education and human capital, greater\n     investments in Federal, industrial, and services R&D, and\n     better enforcement of our trade agreements--we must have\n     better, more reliable data.\n       This paper provides a review and assessment of Federal data\n     on offshore outsourcing:\n       1. It begins by identifying a series of questions that\n     would produce useful data to measure offshore outsourcing.\n     These questions address information about job ``losses'' as\n     well as job ``gains'' from offshore outsourcing so we can\n     arrive at a balanced assessment of the impacts of offshore\n     outsourcing.\n       2. The report then surveys ten existing U.S. government\n     data sets, from the Departments of Labor and Commerce,\n     measuring aspects of offshore outsourcing. The report\n     enumerates strengths and weaknesses of each of the ten data\n     sets in measuring offshore outsourcing and identifies which\n     federal agency data best answer the questions posed in Table\n     1 of the report--Useful Data to Measure Offshore Outsourcing.\n     The report also contains Table 2 (Aspects of Offshore\n     Outsourcing Potentially Measurable with Existing Data), Table\n     3 (Legislative Recommendations for Improving Federal Agency\n     Data on Offshore Outsourcing), Appendix A (Federal Agency\n     Data's Strengths and Weaknesses for Measuring Offshore\n     Outsourcing) and Appendix B (Major U.S. trading partners).\n       3. Finally, the report makes five legislative\n     recommendations for improving Federal agency data to provide\n     a more useful measure of offshore outsourcing. The five\n     recommendations (summarized in Table 3, Legislative\n     Recommendations for Improving Federal Agency Data on Offshore\n     Outsourcing) are:\n       a. Extend the Trade Adjustment Assistance Program;\n       b. Require the Office of Trade Adjustment Assistance to\n     report data;\n       c. Require Bureau of Labor Statistics to make changes to\n     Mass Layoff data program;\n       d. Require the Commerce Department to publish annual\n     multipliers; and\n       e. Link Bureau of Economic Analysis and Bureau of Labor\n     Statistics data sets.\n       This report represents a beginning, not the end. We must\n     develop reliable and comprehensive data-gathering\n     capabilities at U.S. government agencies to measure\n     employment and economic effects of offshore outsourcing.\n     Without a better understanding of the scope of the problem,\n     effective policy solutions to offshore outsourcing cannot be\n     developed.\n       This is the fifth major white paper in a recent series on\n     U.S. economic growth my office has released. The four\n     previous papers are:\n       1. ``Offshore Outsourcing and America's Competitive Edge:\n     Losing Out in the High Technology R&D and Services Sectors,''\n     May 11, 2004.\n       2. ``Making America Stronger: A Report with Legislative\n     Recommendations on Restoration of U.S. Manufacturing,''\n     September 2003.\n       3. ``National Security Aspects of the Global Migration of\n     the U.S. Semiconductor Industry,'' June 2003.\n       4. ``Broadband: A 21st Century Technology and Productivity\n     Strategy,'' May 2002.\n\nExcerpt 2, Data We Would Like To Have: Useful Data To Measure Offshore\n                              Outsourcing\n\n       In a perfect world, data on offshore outsourcing and its\n     impact on the U.S. economy would be available to answer\n     questions about job losses from offshore outsourcing and\n     counterbalancing job gains. An assessment of the impact of\n     offshore outsourcing on U.S. employment levels and the\n     overall economy must balance both job gains and job losses.\n     Table 1 on p. 12 sets out these questions together with\n     short-hand answers on where the data can be found to respond\n     to each question. This report will then analyze and assess\n     all Federal agency data on offshore outsourcing.\n       In prioritizing data needs, it would be most important to\n     have data to answer the questions in Part A and Part B of\n     Table 1--a total of 10 questions. Part A includes 6 questions\n     on job losses from offshore outsourcing and Part B poses 4\n     questions on counterbalancing job gains. If data were\n     available to answer all of the questions in Parts A and B in\n     Table 1, the result would be a reasonably good picture of the\n     positive and negative effects of offshore outsourcing on the\n     U.S. economy, as well as on industries, States, and\n     localities, and their workers. After data in Parts A and B\n     are gathered, it would be useful to have the data in Part C\n     of Table 1, which address 7 specific questions including the\n     role of visa programs in offshoring operations and the impact\n     of offshore outsourcing on career choices of U.S. students.\n       Table 1 shows that almost no data are being made available\n     at this time to provide answers to any of the questions in\n     Table 1. Much of the data is either unpublished or not being\n     collected. Some data relating to U.S. exports and U.S.\n     foreign direct investment (both foreign and domestic) are\n     gathered by the Department of Commerce, but for the more\n     detailed questions relating to offshore outsourcing (listed\n     in Part C of Table 1), no U.S. government agency collects the\n     data. The unavailability of basic data to answer the\n     questions in Parts A and B (job losses and job gains from\n     offshore outsourcing) is in sharp contrast to the\n     comprehensive data that were available to answer similar\n     questions related to Mexico and Canada under the North\n     American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). These data were\n     available between 1994 and 2003 but are no longer being\n     published.\n\n                       Excerpt 3, Recommendations\n\n       The next section outlines five legislative recommendations\n     that might be taken to produce data that would offer some\n     estimates of the extent and nature of offshore outsourcing.\n     These recommendations range from amending existing\n     legislation to increasing Federal agency reporting\n     requirements.\n\n recommendation 1: extend the trade adjustment assistance (taa) program\n\n       One recommendation is to extend the TAA program to cover\n     two groups of workers not presently covered who lose their\n     jobs to offshore outsourcing: a) all service sector workers;\n     and b) workers producing ``articles'' who are currently not\n     covered under Sec. 113 of Title I of the Trade Act of 2002\n     (P.L. 107-210). Sec. 113 provides TAA benefits to workers if\n     they lose their jobs due to shifts in production to certain\n     countries, primarily countries with which the United States\n     has a trade agreement or a trade preference program (see\n     footnote 29 for a list of these 72 countries).\n       On the first issue of covering all displaced service sector\n     workers, there are a number of benefits in making this change\n     to the legislation authorizing the TAA program. Aside from\n     issues of equality in having the Trade Adjustment Assistance\n     Program cover all workers who lose their jobs to offshore\n     outsourcing, extending the program would result in data\n     covering virtually the complete range of jobs lost to\n     offshore outsourcing. From these data, analysts could\n     estimate the effects of offshore outsourcing on the Nation as\n     a whole, on individual industries, and on States and\n     localities. One drawback of expanding the TAA program to\n     provide benefits to services workers whose jobs are lost to\n     offshore outsourcing is that the program would cost more. No\n     estimate has been made on additional costs to the TAA program\n     resulting from covering services workers who lose their jobs\n     due to offshore outsourcing.\n       Legislation has been introduced in the 108th Congress to\n     extend the TAA program to cover service sector workers.\n     Senator Lieberman co-sponsored ``The Services Workers\n     Fairness Act'' (S. 2143), introduced by Senator Durbin, to\n     ensure that services workers losing their jobs to offshoring\n     are eligible for TAA benefits. Senator Lieberman also\n     supported an amendment to the Senate version of the Foreign\n     Sales Corporation-Extraterritorial Income Act bill (S. 1637)\n     introduced by Senators Wyden, Coleman, and Rockefeller to\n     extend the TAA program to cover services workers. While\n     the amendment failed to pass, Congress must continue\n     efforts to extend TAA benefits to all Americans who lose\n     their jobs due to offshoring, including services workers.\n       The second change to the TAA program would extend the TAA\n     program to cover workers producing articles whose job\n     relocates to any country. This provision was included in the\n     Senate-passed version of the TAA reauthorization, included in\n     the Trade Act of 2002, however it was yielded in the\n     Conference committee [See Trade Act of 2002, Conference\n     Report 107-624, July 26, 2002, p. 122.]. Under existing law,\n     TAA benefits go to workers who lose jobs when their firms\n     have shifted production to a country which: a) has a free\n     trade agreement with the United States; b) is a beneficiary\n     country under the Andean Trade Preference Act, the African\n     Growth and Opportunity Act, or the Caribbean Basin Economic\n     Recovery Act; or c) is likely to be an increase in imports to\n     the United States of articles like or directly competitive\n     with those the job loser produced. (Sec. 113, P.L. 107-210).\n       A review of the Department of Labor-Employment and Training\n     Agency's website on the TAA program shows that there are 72\n     countries that meet these requirements for shifts in\n     production (see footnote 29 of this report for the list of\n     countries). Yet, there are 148 members of the World Trade\n     Organization, and important trading partners and\n\n[[Page S12091]]\n\n     key outsourcing destinations--like China and India--are not\n     on the list for shifts in production. This is a significant\n     limitation in the TAA program. At a minimum, the list of\n     eligible countries for production shifts should be expanded\n     to include all WTO members--currently 148 countries.\n\nrecommendation 2: require the office of trade adjustment assistance to\n                              report data\n\n       A second recommendation is to require the Office of Trade\n     Adjustment Assistance to report data which it is already\n     collecting on applications for TAA certification. A database\n     for such reported data could include the following categories\n     of information for certified workers: Name of company,\n     location of business, products produced and North American\n     Industry Classification System (NAICS) industry code, place\n     to which production has shifted, or from which new imports\n     are being sourced, reason for the offshore outsourcing\n     (imports or production shift) and number of workers affected.\n       Publishing data of this type would not be new for the TAA\n     Office. Under the NAFTA-TAA program the office made available\n     data on certifications: a) By number of workers affected; b)\n     by industry code; c) by State and locality of the job losers;\n     and d) by country source of the job loss (i.e., the country\n     which was the source of imports or the target of the\n     production shift). These data are potentially the best, most\n     complete data available because: a) They are a direct count\n     of the estimated number of workers potentially affected by\n     the various offshore outsourcing events; and b) they are\n     required, not voluntary, on the part of applicants for\n     certification.\n       Despite these benefits, TAA data are an imperfect measure\n     of the total jobs lost to offshore outsourcing. They do not\n     measure service-producing jobs outsourced offshore (with a\n     few minor exceptions), and they do not measure all goods-\n     producing jobs outsourced offshore. Other imperfections are\n     that: a) They measure potential, not actual job loss, some of\n     which may not actually have occurred; and b) they fail to\n     measure tertiary jobs lost (e.g., independent service sector\n     jobs which support goods-production operations outsourced\n     offshore, such as those in stores in areas hit by closures).\n\n   recommendation 3: require bls to make changes in mass layoff data\n                                program\n\n       Three requirements could improve data being reported by the\n     Bureau of Labor Statistics on the Extended Mass Layoffs\n     Associated with Domestic and Overseas Relocations Survey: 1)\n     Reduce survey size to businesses with 25 layoffs; 2)\n     disaggregate (separate into component parts) data on movement\n     of work; and 3) report data annually instead of quarterly.\n       (1) Reduce Survey Size to Businesses With 25 Layoffs. The\n     Extended Mass Layoff Survey, which contains a question on\n     movement of work, could be conducted on businesses which lay\n     off 25 or more workers instead of businesses which lay off 50\n     or more workers as is currently the case. A reduction in the\n     size of the companies surveyed would capture more layoff\n     events and increase the share of offshore outsourcing\n     instances reported.\n       BLS officials estimate that expanding the Mass Layoff\n     Survey to layoffs of 25 workers or more would allow the\n     program to identify more than double the number of potential\n     layoff events requiring a telephone interview. BLS officials\n     estimate that such an expansion in the MLS survey program\n     will require $3.3 million in additional funds, including 3\n     full time equivalent employees. Of this total, $2.7 million\n     would go to States for the MLS employer interview and related\n     activity. The remaining $600,000 would support BLS data\n     collection, analysis, and publication activities.\n       Reducing the size of the business surveyed in the Extended\n     Mass Layoff Survey does not alter the weaknesses of such data\n     and survey methods, namely that the survey is voluntary and\n     the quality of results depends on who in the organization\n     responds to the survey and their knowledge of the causes of\n     jobs going offshore. BLS officials also raised concerns about\n     extra reporting burdens by reducing the size of business\n     surveyed.\n       (2) Disaggregate Data on Movement of Work. BLS could be\n     required to disaggregate (separate into component parts) and\n     report separately detailed data on the two categories of\n     ``movement of work''--movement of work to another location\n     inside the United States versus movement of work to another\n     location outside the United States. Detailed data to be\n     reported could include distribution of layoffs by industry or\n     region of the country affected by the layoff.\n       Many believe that disaggregating the data is the only way\n     to make the data on movement of work useful. In its current\n     form, data on offshore outsourcing are imbedded in data on\n     movement of work within the United States, thus the data are\n     not useful for measuring offshore outsourcing except for a\n     few summary numbers.\n       Even with greater data disaggregation, the Extended Mass\n     Layoff Survey remains voluntary. It is widely believed that\n     companies are reluctant to reveal data on offshore\n     outsourcing, although BLS reports a better than 90 percent\n     response rate in the Extended Mass Layoff Survey in each of\n     the first three quarters of 2004. As previously noted, the\n     quality of survey responses depends on the company contact\n     person who may not readily have answers about whether the\n     ``movement of work'' is to an offshore location or to another\n     location in the United States. Companies will likely argue\n     that providing this level of detail presents additional\n     burdens, both from a personnel and a financial point of view.\n       (3) Report Data Annually. The Department of Labor-Bureau of\n     Labor Statistics could be required to report the Extended\n     Mass Layoff Survey data annually instead of quarterly. Annual\n     reporting would enable more detail to be published, since\n     privacy rules prohibit the reporting of survey data which\n     represents a sample size of fewer than three businesses.\n       Annual reporting of data would not solve the survey's\n     limitations, namely that reporting is voluntary, results\n     depend on who responds to the survey, and the additional\n     reporting burdens placed on businesses. However, we could\n     gain very helpful data if this recommendation was\n     implemented.\n\n      Recommendation 4: Require DOC to Publish Annual Multipliers\n\n       The Department of Commerce should be required to publish\n     annual ``multipliers'' showing for goods and services\n     separately and combined, the number of jobs supporting a\n     billion dollars worth of exports in each category. The\n     product of the multipliers and the value of exports can then\n     yield an estimate of the total number of U.S. jobs producing\n     for export. Comparing the number of workers producing for\n     export across years yields an estimate of job ``gains'' from\n     exports over time. These job gain estimates could provide an\n     important context for estimates of job losses and are\n     necessary to provide a full assessment of the effects of\n     offshore outsourcing.\n       Some updating of the model used to prepare the job gains\n     from trade estimates would likely be required in order to\n     produce these data on an annual basis.\n\n              Recommendation 5: Link BEA and BLS Data Sets\n\n       The Department of Commerce-Bureau of Economic Analysis and\n     the Department of Labor-Bureau of Labor Statistics should be\n     required to link their data sets, which could provide\n     synergies. BEA could link its data on multinational\n     corporations with relevant BLS data--including occupational\n     data and movement of work data in the Extended Mass Layoff\n     Survey. Both BEA and BLS would be required to be transparent\n     regarding their data collection methodologies. While there\n     may be some value in sharing data and identifying greater\n     detail on wages, occupation and skill level of jobs going\n     overseas, there is no certainty that providing these data\n     links will improve the quality of data on offshore\n     outsourcing. Such data linkages may be more valuable after\n     BEA and BLS improve their individual agency's data collection\n     on offshore outsourcing, by implementing the recommendations\n     in this report and any other suggestions to be developed.\n     However, data linkages could provide important additional\n     perspectives.\n\n                         Excerpt 4, Conclusion\n\n       If all of these legislative recommendations are followed,\n     Congress would have available more accurate data on the\n     phenomenon of offshore outsourcing. This could include better\n     estimates of how many jobs--both goods-producing jobs and\n     services producing jobs--are being outsourced to other\n     countries. From the Trade Adjustment Assistance database,\n     that would be equivalent to the data available between 1994\n     and 2002 under NAFTA. Data would be available for the United\n     States as a whole and by State, on how many jobs were being\n     ``lost'' by industry, by city, by cause (imports or\n     production shifts), and by country to which jobs were being\n     transferred. Congress would also have available estimates on\n     U.S. jobs ``created'' to balance jobs lost to offshore\n     outsourcing. These new jobs would represent U.S. jobs\n     supporting new exports and U.S. jobs supported by new foreign\n     direct investment in the United States.\n       These data, providing U.S. government estimates of the\n     magnitude of job ``losses'' from offshore outsourcing and\n     counterbalancing job ``gains'' from new exports and foreign\n     direct investment in the United States, could assist Congress\n     in making a variety of informed policy decisions. In a\n     narrower sense, these policy decisions would help displaced\n     workers become employed in new jobs or help critical U.S.\n     industries maintain a presence in the United States. In a\n     broader sense, the data would help Congress make more\n     informed decisions which could affect both the short-range\n     and long-term economic health and welfare of the United\n     States, its industries, and its citizens.\n\n[[Page S12092]]\n\n          TABLE 1.--USEFUL DATA TO MEASURE OFFSHORE OUTSOURCING\n           [Table prepared by Congressional Research Service]\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                                           Location where answers can be\n                Question                               found\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\nA. Questions about job ``losses'' from\n offshore outsourcing:\n    1. How many business operations are   Unpublished Trade Adjustment\n     moving offshore?.                     Assistance (TAA) data for\n                                           covered countries; minimal\n                                           data available in Bureau of\n                                           Labor Statistics (BLS) Mass\n                                           Layoff Survey.\n    2. What industries are affected?....  Unpublished TAA data.\n    3. From what states and localities    Unpublished TAA data.\n     are they moving?.\n    4. To which countries are businesses  Unpublished TAA data.\n     shifting production?.\n    5. How many workers are affected, by  Unpublished TAA data.\n     state, by industry, by cause\n     (imports vs. production shift) and\n     by country to which the plant is\n     relocating or from which imports\n     are arriving?.\n    6. What is the re-employment          BLS worker displacement\n     experience of those workers           surveys (some useful\n     displaced by offshore outsourcing     estimates).\n     (level and new wages and type of\n     new jobs)?.\nB. Questions about counterbalancing job\n ``gains'' from offshore outsourcing:\n    1. How much are exports increasing?.  Available Department of\n                                           Commerce export data; Census\n                                           & BEA data.\n    2. What is the extent of job gains    Unpublished DOC jobs\n     associated with increased exports?.   multiplier.\n    3. What is the extent of new foreign  Available DOC-BEA data.\n     direct investment in the United\n     States?.\n    4. What is the extent of job          Available BEA data.\n     ``gains'' from foreign direct\n     investment in the United States?.\nC. Additional questions for which data\n on offshore outsourcing would be useful\n include:\n\n  [The first six questions on the list,\n   plus the question on re-employment\n prospects of dislocated workers (Pt. A,\n question 6), were developed by Dr. Ron\n Hira, P.E., Assistant Professor, Public\n     Policy, Rochester Institute of\n               Technology]\n\n    1. What are the number and types of   No data are available.\n     jobs moving offshore by occupation,\n     skill level, and wages?.\n    2. What are the number and types of   Some BEA data are available by\n     jobs created overseas by U.S.-owned   affiliates, employment data\n     companies for the purpose of          are not.\n     exporting to U.S. markets compared\n     to those created to serve foreign\n     markets?.\n    3. What are the numbers and types of  Some BEA data are available by\n     jobs created in the United States     affiliates, employment data\n     by foreign-owned companies for the    are not.\n     purpose of selling in the U.S.\n     market compared to those created to\n     produce exports for overseas\n     market?.\n    4. What are the companies' near-term  No data are available.\n     and long-range plans for relocating\n     facilities and transferring jobs to\n     overseas locations?.\n    5. What is the impact of offshore     No data are available.\n     outsourcing on academic and career\n     choices by American students?.\n    6. What is the role of H-1B and L-1   No data are available.\n     temporary visa programs on offshore\n     operations by U.S. and foreign\n     companies?.\n    7. How many and what types of         No data are available.\n     research and development jobs are\n     being sent offshore?.\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n                          ____________________"]], "columns": ["granule_id", "date", "congress", "session", "volume", "issue", "title", "chamber", "granule_class", "sub_granule_class", "page_start", "page_end", "speakers", "bills", "citation", "full_text"], "primary_keys": ["granule_id"], "primary_key_values": ["CREC-2004-12-20-pt1-PgS12089-2"], "units": {}, "query_ms": 1.0990370064973831, "source": "Federal Register API & Regulations.gov API", "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/developers/api/v1", "license": "Public Domain (U.S. Government data)", "license_url": "https://www.regulations.gov/faq"}