cfr_sections
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90 rows where part_number = 393 and title_number = 49 sorted by section_id
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| section_id ▼ | title_number | title_name | chapter | subchapter | part_number | part_name | subpart | subpart_name | section_number | section_heading | agency | authority | source_citation | amendment_citations | full_text |
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| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.1.16.1 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | A | Subpart A—General | § 393.1 Scope of the rules in this part. | FHWA | [70 FR 48025, Aug. 15, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 76823, Dec. 17, 2008; 81 FR 47721, July 22, 2016] | (a) The rules in this part establish minimum standards for commercial motor vehicles as defined in § 390.5 of this title. Only motor vehicles (as defined in § 390.5) and combinations of motor vehicles which meet the definition of a commercial motor vehicle are subject to the requirements of this part. All requirements that refer to motor vehicles with a GVWR below 4,536 kg (10,001 pounds) are applicable only when the motor vehicle or combination of motor vehicles meets the definition of a commercial motor vehicle. (b)(1) Every motor carrier and its employees must be knowledgeable of and comply with the requirements and specifications of this part. (2) Every intermodal equipment provider and its employees or agents responsible for the inspection, repair, and maintenance of intermodal equipment interchanged to motor carriers must be knowledgeable of and comply with the applicable requirements and specifications of this part. (c) No motor carrier may operate a commercial motor vehicle, or cause or permit such vehicle to be operated, unless it is equipped in accordance with the requirements and specifications of this part. (d) No intermodal equipment provider may operate intermodal equipment, or cause or permit such equipment to be operated, unless it is equipped in accordance with the requirements and specifications of this part. (e) The rules in this part do not apply to “pipeline welding trucks” as defined in 49 CFR 390.38(b). | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.1.16.2 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | A | Subpart A—General | § 393.3 Additional equipment and accessories. | FHWA | [78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] | The use of additional equipment or accessories in a manner that decreases the safety of operation of a commercial motor vehicle in interstate commerce is prohibited. Nothing contained in this subchapter shall be construed to prohibit the use of additional equipment and accessories, not inconsistent with or prohibited by this subchapter, provided such equipment and accessories do not decrease the safety of operation of the motor vehicles on which they are used. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.1.16.3 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | A | Subpart A—General | § 393.5 Definitions. | FHWA | [53 FR 49384, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 63 FR 8339, Feb. 18, 1998; 63 FR 24465, May 4, 1998; 64 FR 47707, Sept. 1, 1999; 67 FR 61224, Sept. 27, 2002; 68 FR 56208, Sept. 30, 2003; 70 FR 48026, Aug. 15, 2005; 71 FR 35832, June 22, 2006; 72 FR 9870, Mar. 6, 2007; 81 FR 47731, July 22, 2016; 81 FR 65574, Sept. 23, 2016; 86 FR 62111, Nov. 9, 2021; 87 FR 12604, Mar. 7, 2022; 89 FR 90623, Nov. 18, 2024] | As used in this part, the following words and terms are construed to mean: Aggregate working load limit. The summation of the working load limits or restraining capacity of all devices used to secure an article of cargo on a vehicle. Agricultural commodity trailer. A trailer that is designed to transport bulk agricultural commodities in off-road harvesting sites and to a processing plant or storage location, as evidenced by skeletal construction that accommodates harvest containers, a maximum length of 28 feet, and an arrangement of air control lines and reservoirs that minimizes damage in field operations. Air brake system. A system, including an air-over-hydraulic brake subsystem, that uses air as a medium for transmitting pressure or force from the driver control to the service brake, but does not include a system that uses compressed air or vacuum only to assist the driver in applying muscular force to hydraulic or mechanical components. Air-over-hydraulic brake subsystem. A subsystem of the air brake system that uses compressed air to transmit a force from the driver control to a hydraulic brake system to actuate the service brakes. Anchor point. Part of the structure, fitting or attachment on a vehicle or article of cargo to which a tiedown is attached. Antilock Brake System or ABS means a portion of a service brake system that automatically controls the degree of rotational wheel slip during braking by: (1) Sensing the rate of angular rotation of the wheels; (2) Transmitting signals regarding the rate of wheel angular rotation to one or more controlling devices which interpret those signals and generate responsive controlling output signals; and (3) Transmitting those controlling signals to one or more modulators which adjust brake actuating forces in response to those signals. Article of cargo. A unit of cargo, other than a liquid, gas, or aggregate that lacks physical structure (e.g., grain, gravel, etc.) including articles grouped together so that they can be handled as a single unit … | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.1.16.4 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | A | Subpart A—General | § 393.7 Matter incorporated by reference. | FHWA | [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 70 FR 48027, Aug. 15, 2005; 71 FR 35832, June 22, 2006; 72 FR 55703, Oct. 1, 2007; 77 FR 46638, Aug. 6, 2012; 80 FR 59075, Oct. 1, 2015] | (a) Incorporation by reference. Part 393 includes references to certain matter or materials, as listed in paragraph (b) of this section. The text of the materials is not included in the regulations contained in part 393. The materials are hereby made a part of the regulations in part 393. The Director of the Federal Register has approved the materials incorporated by reference in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. For materials subject to change, only the specific version approved by the Director of the Federal Register and specified in the regulation are incorporated. Material is incorporated as it exists on the date of the approval and a notice of any change in these materials will be published in the Federal Register. (b) Matter or materials referenced in part 393. The matter or materials listed in this paragraph are incorporated by reference in the corresponding sections noted. (1) Auxiliary Upper Beam Lamps, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J581, July 2004, incorporation by reference approved for § 393.24(b). (2) Front Fog Lamp, SAE J583, August 2004, incorporation by reference approved for § 393.24(b). (3) Stop Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width, SAE J586, March 2000, incorporation by reference approved for § 393.25(c). (4) Stop Lamps and Front- and Rear-Turn Signal Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles 2032 mm or more in Overall Width, SAE J2261, January 2002, incorporated by reference approved for § 393.25 (c). (5) Tail Lamps (Rear Position Lamps) for Use on Motor Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width, SAE J585, March 2000, incorporation by reference approved for § 393.25(c). (6) Tail Lamps (Rear Position Lamps) for Use on Vehicles 2032 mm or More in Overall Width, SAE J2040, March 2002, incorporation by reference approved for § 393.25(c). (7) Turn Signal Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width, SAE J588, March 2000, incorporation by reference approved for § 393.25(c). (8) Sidemarker Lamps for Use on Road Vehicle… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.10.17.1 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | J | Subpart J—Frames, Cab and Body Components, Wheels, Steering, and Suspension Systems | § 393.201 Frames. | FHWA | [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 70 FR 48055, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) The frame or chassis of each commercial motor vehicle shall not be cracked, loose, sagging or broken. (b) Bolts or brackets securing the cab or the body of the vehicle to the frame must not be loose, broken, or missing. (c) The frame rail flanges between the axles shall not be bent, cut or notched, except as specified by the manufacturer. (d) Parts and accessories shall not be welded to the frame or chassis of a commercial motor vehicle except in accordance with the vehicle manufacturer's recommendations. Any welded repair of the frame must also be in accordance with the vehicle manufacturer's recommendations. (e) No holes shall be drilled in the top or bottom rail flanges, except as specified by the manufacturer. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.10.17.2 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | J | Subpart J—Frames, Cab and Body Components, Wheels, Steering, and Suspension Systems | § 393.203 Cab and body components. | FHWA | [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] | (a) The cab compartment doors or door parts used as an entrance or exits shall not be missing or broken. Doors shall not sag so that they cannot be properly opened or closed. No door shall be wired shut or otherwise secured in the closed position so that it cannot be readily opened. Exception: When the vehicle is loaded with pipe or bar stock that blocks the door and the cab has a roof exit. (b) Bolts or brackets securing the cab or the body of the vehicle to the frame shall not be loose, broken, or missing. (c) The hood must be securely fastened. (d) All seats must be securely mounted. (e) The front bumper must not be missing, loosely attached, or protruding beyond the confines of the vehicle so as to create a hazard. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.10.17.3 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | J | Subpart J—Frames, Cab and Body Components, Wheels, Steering, and Suspension Systems | § 393.205 Wheels. | FHWA | (a) Wheels and rims shall not be cracked or broken. (b) Stud or bolt holes on the wheels shall shall not be elongated (out of round). (c) Nuts or bolts shall not be missing or loose. | ||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.10.17.4 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | J | Subpart J—Frames, Cab and Body Components, Wheels, Steering, and Suspension Systems | § 393.207 Suspension systems. | FHWA | [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 70 FR 48055, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Axles. No axle positioning part shall be cracked, broken, loose or missing. All axles must be in proper alignment. (b) Adjustable axles. Adjustable axle assemblies shall not have locking pins missing or disengaged. (c) Leaf springs. No leaf spring shall be cracked, broken, or missing nor shifted out of position. (d) Coil springs. No coil spring shall be cracked or broken. (e) Torsion bar. No torsion bar or torsion bar suspension shall be cracked or broken. (f) Air suspensions. The air pressure regulator valve shall not allow air into the suspension system until at least 55 psi is in the braking system. The vehicle shall be level (not tilting to the left or right). Air leakage shall not be greater than 3 psi in a 5-minute time period when the vehicle's air pressure gauge shows normal operating pressure. (g) Air suspension exhaust controls. The air suspension exhaust controls must not have the capability to exhaust air from the suspension system of one axle of a two-axle air suspension trailer unless the controls are either located on the trailer, or the power unit and trailer combination are not capable of traveling at a speed greater than 10 miles per hour while the air is exhausted from the suspension system. This paragraph shall not be construed to prohibit— (1) Devices that could exhaust air from both axle systems simultaneously; or (2) Lift axles on multi-axle units. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.10.17.5 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | J | Subpart J—Frames, Cab and Body Components, Wheels, Steering, and Suspension Systems | § 393.209 Steering wheel systems. | FHWA | [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 70 FR 48055, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) The steering wheel shall be secured and must not have any spokes cracked through or missing. (b) Steering wheel lash. (1) The steering wheel lash shall not exceed the following parameters: (2) For steering wheel diameters not listed in paragraph (b)(1) of this section the steering wheel lash shall not exceed 14 degrees angular rotation for manual steering systems, and 30 degrees angular rotation for power steering systems. (c) Steering column. The steering column must be securely fastened. (d) Steering system. Universal joints and ball-and-socket joints shall not be worn, faulty or repaired by welding. The steering gear box shall not have loose or missing mounting bolts or cracks in the gear box or mounting brackets. The pitman arm on the steering gear output shaft shall not be loose. Steering wheels shall turn freely through the limit of travel in both directions. (e) Power steering systems. All components of the power system must be in operating condition. No parts shall be loose or broken. Belts shall not be frayed, cracked or slipping. The system shall not leak. The power steering system shall have sufficient fluid in the reservoir. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.1 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.9 Lamps operable, prohibition of obstructions of lamps and reflectors. | FHWA | [70 FR 48027, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) All lamps required by this subpart shall be capable of being operated at all times. This paragraph shall not be construed to require that any auxiliary or additional lamp be capable of operating at all times. (b) Lamps and reflective devices/material required by this subpart must not be obscured by the tailboard, or by any part of the load, or its covering by dirt, or other added vehicle or work equipment, or otherwise. Exception: The conspicuity treatments on the front end protection devices may be obscured by part of the load being transported. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.10 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.25 Requirements for lamps other than head lamps. | FHWA | [70 FR 48047, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Mounting. All lamps shall be securely mounted on a rigid part of the vehicle. Temporary lamps must be securely mounted to the load and are not required to be mounted to a permanent part of the vehicle. (b) Visibility. Each lamp shall be located so that it meets the visibility requirements specified by FMVSS No. 108 in effect at the time of manufacture of the vehicle. Vehicles which were not subject to FMVSS No. 108 at the time of manufacture shall have each lamp located so that it meets the visibility requirements specified in the SAE standards listed in paragraph (c) of this section. If motor vehicle equipment ( e.g. , mirrors, snow plows, wrecker booms, backhoes, and winches) prevents compliance with this paragraph by any required lamp, an auxiliary lamp or device meeting the requirements of this paragraph shall be provided. This shall not be construed to apply to lamps on one unit which are obscured by another unit of a combination of vehicles. (c) Specifications. All required lamps (except marker lamps on projecting loads, lamps which are temporarily attached to vehicles transported in driveaway-towaway operations, and lamps on converter dollies and pole trailers) on vehicles manufactured on or after December 25, 1968, shall, at a minimum, meet the applicable requirements of FMVSS No. 108 in effect on the date of manufacture of the vehicle. Marker lamps on projecting loads, all lamps which are temporarily attached to vehicles transported in driveaway-towaway operations, and all lamps on converter dollies and pole trailers must meet the following applicable SAE standards: J586—Stop Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width, March 2000; J2261 Stop Lamps and Front- and Rear-Turn Signal Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles 2032 mm or More in Overall Width, January 2002; J585—Tail Lamps (Rear Position Lamps) for Use on Motor Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width, March 2000; J588—Turn Signal Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width, March 2000; J2040—… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.11 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.26 Requirements for reflectors. | FHWA | [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 35 FR 3167, Feb. 19, 1970; 53 FR 49397, Dec. 7, 1988; 70 FR 48047, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Mounting. Reflex reflectors shall be mounted at the locations required by § 393.11. In the case of motor vehicles so constructed that requirement for a 381 mm (15-inch) minimum height above the road surface is not practical, the reflectors shall be mounted as close as practicable to the required mounting height range. All permanent reflex reflectors shall be securely mounted on a rigid part of the vehicle. Temporary reflectors on projecting loads must be securely mounted to the load and are not required to be permanently mounted to a part of the vehicle. Temporary reflex reflectors on vehicles transported in driveaway-towaway operations must be firmly attached. (b) Specifications. All required reflex reflectors (except reflex reflectors on projecting loads, vehicles transported in a driveaway-towaway operation, converter dollies and pole trailers) on vehicles manufactured on or after December 25, 1968, shall meet the applicable requirements of FMVSS No. 108 in effect on the date of manufacture of the vehicle. Reflex reflectors on projecting loads, vehicles transported in a driveaway-towaway operation, and all reflex reflectors on converter dollies and pole trailers must conform to SAE J594—Reflex Reflectors, December 2003. (c) Substitute material for side reflex reflectors. Reflective material conforming to ASTM D 4956-04, Standard Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control, may be used in lieu of reflex reflectors if the material as used on the vehicle, meets the performance standards in either Table I of SAE J594 or Table IA of SAE J594—Reflex Reflectors, December 2003. (See § 393.7(b) for information on the incorporation by reference and availability of these documents.) (d) Use of additional retroreflective surfaces. Additional retroreflective surfaces may be used in conjunction with, but not in lieu of the reflex reflectors required in subpart B of part 393, and the substitute material for side reflex reflectors allowed by paragraph (c) of this section, provided: (1) Desig… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.12 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.27 [Reserved] | FHWA | |||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.13 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.28 Wiring systems. | FHWA | [70 FR 48047, Aug. 15, 2005] | Electrical wiring shall be installed and maintained to conform to SAE J1292—Automobile, Truck, Truck-Tractor, Trailer, and Motor Coach Wiring, October 1981, except the jumper cable plug and receptacle need not conform to SAE J560. The reference to SAE J1292 shall not be construed to require circuit protection on trailers. (See § 393.7(b) for information on the incorporation by reference and availability of this document.) | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.14 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.29 [Reserved] | FHWA | |||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.15 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.30 Battery installation. | FHWA | Every storage battery on every vehicle, unless located in the engine compartment, shall be covered by a fixed part of the motor vehicle or protected by a removable cover or enclosure. Removable covers or enclosures shall be substantial and shall be securely latched or fastened. The storage battery compartment and adjacent metal parts which might corrode by reason of battery leakage shall be painted or coated with an acid-resisting paint or coating and shall have openings to provide ample battery ventilation and drainage. Wherever the cable to the starting motor passes through a metal compartment, the cable shall be protected against grounding by an acid and waterproof insulating bushing. Wherever a battery and a fuel tank are both placed under the driver's seat, they shall be partitioned from each other, and each compartment shall be provided with an independent cover, ventilation, and drainage. | ||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.16 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | §§ 393.31-393.33 [Reserved] | FHWA | |||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.2 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.11 Lamps and reflective devices. | FHWA | [70 FR 48027, Aug. 15, 2005, as amended at 72 FR 32014, June 11, 2007; 72 FR 33562, June 18, 2007; 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013; 81 FR 47731, July 22, 2016; 81 FR 60634, Sept. 2, 2016; 91 FR 7873, Feb. 19, 2026] | (a)(1) Lamps and reflex reflectors. Table 1 specifies the requirements for lamps, reflective devices and associated equipment by the type of commercial motor vehicle. The diagrams in this section illustrate the position of the lamps, reflective devices and associated equipment specified in Table 1. All commercial motor vehicles manufactured on or after December 25, 1968, must, at a minimum, meet the applicable requirements of 49 CFR 571.108 (FMVSS No. 108) in effect at the time of manufacture of the vehicle. Commercial motor vehicles manufactured before December 25, 1968, must, at a minimum, meet the requirements of subpart B of part 393 in effect at the time of manufacture. (2) Exceptions: Pole trailers and trailer converter dollies must meet the part 393 requirements for lamps, reflective devices and electrical equipment in effect at the time of manufacture. Trailers which are equipped with conspicuity material which meets the requirements of § 393.11(b) are not required to be equipped with the reflex reflectors listed in Table 1 if— (i) The conspicuity material is placed at the locations where reflex reflectors are required by Table 1; and (ii) The conspicuity material when installed on the motor vehicle meets the visibility requirements for the reflex reflectors. (b) Conspicuity Systems. Each trailer of 2,032 mm (80 inches) or more overall width, and with a GVWR over 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds), manufactured on or after December 1, 1993, except pole trailers and trailers designed exclusively for living or office use, shall be equipped with either retroreflective sheeting that meets the requirements of FMVSS No. 108 (S5.7.1), reflex reflectors that meet the requirements FMVSS No. 108 (S5.7.2), or a combination of retroreflective sheeting and reflex reflectors that meet the requirements of FMVSS No. 108 (S5.7.3). The conspicuity system shall be installed and located as specified in FMVSS No. 108 [S5.7.1.4 (for retroreflective sheeting), S5.7.2.2 (for reflex reflectors), S5.7.3 (for a combination of sheet… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.3 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.13 Retroreflective sheeting and reflex reflectors, requirements for semitrailers and trailers manufactured before December 1, 1993. | FHWA | [64 FR 15605, Mar. 31, 1999, as amended at 66 FR 30339, June 6, 2001] | (a) Applicability. All trailers and semitrailers manufactured prior to December 1, 1993, which have an overall width of 2,032 mm (80 inches) or more and a gross vehicle weight rating of 4,536 kg (10,001 pounds) or more, except trailers that are manufactured exclusively for use as offices or dwellings, pole trailers (as defined in § 390.5 of this subchapter), and trailers transported in a driveaway-towaway operation, must be equipped with retroreflective sheeting or an array of reflex reflectors that meet the requirements of this section. Motor carriers operating trailers, other than container chassis (as defined in § 393.5), have until June 1, 2001, to comply with the requirements of this section. Motor carriers operating container chassis have until December 1, 2001, to comply with the requirements of this section. (b) Retroreflective sheeting and reflex reflectors. Motor carriers are encouraged to retrofit their trailers with a conspicuity system that meets all of the requirements applicable to trailers manufactured on or after December 1, 1993, including the use of retroreflective sheeting or reflex reflectors in a red and white pattern (see Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108 (49 CFR 571.108), S5.7, Conspicuity systems ). Motor carriers which do not retrofit their trailers to meet the requirements of FMVSS No. 108, for example by using an alternative color pattern, must comply with the remainder of this paragraph and with paragraph (c) or (d) of this section. Retroreflective sheeting or reflex reflectors in colors or color combinations other than red and white may be used on the sides or lower rear area of the semitrailer or trailer until June 1, 2009. The alternate color or color combination must be uniform along the sides and lower rear area of the trailer. The retroreflective sheeting or reflex reflectors on the upper rear area of the trailer must be white and conform to the requirements of FMVSS No. 108 (S5.7). Red retroreflective sheeting or reflex reflectors shall not be used along the s… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.4 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.17 Lamps and reflectors—combinations in driveaway-towaway operation. | FHWA | [40 FR 36126, Aug. 19, 1975, as amended at 47 FR 47837, Oct. 28, 1982; 70 FR 48044, Aug. 15, 2005; 77 FR 59828, Oct. 1, 2012; 80 FR 59075, Oct. 1, 2015] | A combination of motor vehicles engaged in driveaway-towaway operation must be equipped with operative lamps and reflectors conforming to the rules in this section. (a) The towing vehicle must be equipped as follows: (1) On the front, there must be at least two headlamps, an equal number at each side, two turn signals, one at each side, and two clearance lamps, one at each side. (2) On each side, there must be at least one side-marker lamp, located near the front of the vehicle. (3) On the rear, there must be at least two tail lamps, one at each side, and two stop lamps, one at each side. (b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, the rearmost towed vehicle of the combination (including the towed vehicles of a tow-bar combination, the towed vehicle of a single saddle-mount combination, and the rearmost towed vehicle of a double or triple saddle-mount combination) or, in the case of a vehicle full-mounted on a saddle-mount vehicle, either the full-mounted vehicle or the rearmost saddle-mounted vehicle must be equipped as follows: (1) On each side, there must be at least one side-marker lamp, located near the rear of the vehicle. (2) On the rear, there must be at least two tail lamps, two stop lamps, two turn signals, two clearance lamps, and two reflectors, one of each type at each side. In addition, if any vehicle in the combination is 80 inches or more in overall width, there must be three identification lamps on the rear. (c) If the towed vehicle in a combination is a mobile structure trailer, it must be equipped in accordance with the following lighting devices. For the purposes of this part, mobile structure trailer means a trailer that has a roof and walls, is at least 10 feet wide, and can be used off road for dwelling or commercial purposes. (1) When the vehicle is operated in accordance with the terms of a special permit prohibiting operation during the times when lighted lamps are required, it must have on the rear— (i) Two stop lamps, one on each side of the vertical centerline… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.5 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.19 Hazard warning signals. | FHWA | [70 FR 48046, Aug. 15, 2005] | The hazard warning signal operating unit on each commercial motor vehicle shall operate independently of the ignition or equivalent switch, and when activated, cause all turn signals required by § 393.11 to flash simultaneously. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.6 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.20 [Reserved] | FHWA | |||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.7 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.22 Combination of lighting devices and reflectors. | FHWA | [39 FR 26908, July 24, 1974] | (a) Permitted combinations. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, two or more lighting devices and reflectors (whether or not required by the rules in this part) may be combined optically if— (1) Each required lighting device and reflector conforms to the applicable rules in this part; and (2) Neither the mounting nor the use of a nonrequired lighting device or reflector impairs the effectiveness of a required lighting device or reflector or causes that device or reflector to be inconsistent with the applicable rules in this part. (b) Prohibited combinations. (1) A turn signal lamp must not be combined optically with either a head lamp or other lighting device or combination of lighting devices that produces a greater intensity of light than the turn signal lamp. (2) A turn signal lamp must not be combined optically with a stop lamp unless the stop lamp function is always deactivated when the turn signal function is activated. (3) A clearance lamp must not be combined optically with a tail lamp or identification lamp. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.8 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.23 Power supply for lamps. | FHWA | [70 FR 48046, Aug. 15, 2005] | All required lamps must be powered by the electrical system of the motor vehicle with the exception of battery powered lamps used on projecting loads. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.2.16.9 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | B | Subpart B—Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Electrical Wiring | § 393.24 Requirements for head lamps, auxiliary driving lamps and front fog lamps. | FHWA | [70 FR 48046, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Headlamps. Every bus, truck and truck tractor shall be equipped with headlamps as required by § 393.11(a). The headlamps shall provide an upper and lower beam distribution of light, selectable at the driver's will and be steady-burning. The headlamps shall be marked in accordance with FMVSS No. 108. Auxiliary driving lamps and/or front fog lamps may not be used to satisfy the requirements of this paragraph. (b) Auxiliary driving lamps and front fog lamps. Commercial motor vehicles may be equipped with auxiliary driving lamps and/or front fog lamps for use in conjunction with, but not in lieu of the required headlamps. Auxiliary driving lamps shall meet SAE Standard J581 Auxiliary Upper Beam Lamps, July 2004, and front fog lamps shall meet SAE Standard J583 Front Fog Lamp, August 2004. (See § 393.7 for information on the incorporation by reference and availability of these documents.) (c) Mounting. Headlamps shall be mounted and aimable in accordance with FMVSS No. 108. Auxiliary driving lamps and front fog lamps shall be mounted so that the beams are aimable and the mounting shall prevent the aim of the lighting device from being disturbed while the vehicle is operating on public roads. (d) Aiming. Headlamps, auxiliary driving lamps and front fog lamps shall be aimed to meet the aiming specifications in FMVSS No. 108 (49 CFR 571.108), SAE J581, and SAE J583, respectively. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.1 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.40 Required brake systems. | FHWA | [70 FR 48048, Aug. 15, 2005, as amended at 72 FR 9870, Mar. 6, 2007] | (a) Each commercial motor vehicle must have brakes adequate to stop and hold the vehicle or combination of motor vehicles. Each commercial motor vehicle must meet the applicable service, parking, and emergency brake system requirements provided in this section. (b) Service brakes —(1) Hydraulic brake systems. Motor vehicles equipped with hydraulic brake systems and manufactured on or after September 2, 1983, must, at a minimum, have a service brake system that meets the requirements of FMVSS No. 105 in effect on the date of manufacture. Motor vehicles which were not subject to FMVSS No. 105 on the date of manufacture must have a service brake system that meets the applicable requirements of §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49, 393.51, and 393.52 of this subpart. (2) Air brake systems. Buses, trucks and truck-tractors equipped with air brake systems and manufactured on or after March 1, 1975, and trailers manufactured on or after January 1, 1975, must, at a minimum, have a service brake system that meets the requirements of FMVSS No. 121 in effect on the date of manufacture. Motor vehicles which were not subject to FMVSS No. 121 on the date of manufacture must have a service brake system that meets the applicable requirements of §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49, 393.51, and 393.52 of this subpart. (3) Vacuum brake systems. Motor vehicles equipped with vacuum brake systems must have a service brake system that meets the applicable requirements of §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49, 393.51, and 393.52 of this subpart. (4) Electric brake systems. Motor vehicles equipped with electric brake systems must have a service brake system that meets the applicable requirements of §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49 and 393.52 of this subpart. (5) Surge brake systems. Motor vehicles equipped with surge brake systems must have a service brake system that meets the applicable requirements of §§ 393.42, 393.48, 393.49, and 393.52 of this subpart. (c) Parking brakes. Each commercial motor vehicle must be equipped with a parking brake system that m… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.10 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.49 Control valves for brakes. | FHWA | [72 FR 9871, Mar. 6, 2007, as amended at 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] | (a) General rule. Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, every motor vehicle manufactured after June 30, 1953, which is equipped with power brakes, must have the braking system so arranged that one application valve must when activated cause all of the service brakes on the motor vehicle or combination motor vehicle to operate. This requirement must not be construed to prohibit motor vehicles from being equipped with an additional valve to be used to operate the brakes on a trailer or trailers or as required for buses in § 393.44. (b) Driveaway-Towaway Exception. This section is not applicable to driveaway-towaway operations unless the brakes on such operations are designed to be operated by a single valve. (c) Surge brake exception. This requirement is not applicable to trailers equipped with surge brakes that satisfy the conditions specified in § 393.48(d). | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.11 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.50 Reservoirs required. | FHWA | [70 FR 48052, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Reservoir capacity for air-braked power units manufactured on or after March 1, 1975, and air-braked trailers manufactured on or after January 1, 1975. Buses, trucks, and truck-tractors manufactured on or after March 1, 1975, and air-braked trailers manufactured on or after January 1, 1975, must meet the reservoir requirements of FMVSS No. 121, S5.1.2, in effect on the date of manufacture. (b) Reservoir capacity for air-braked vehicles not subject to FMVSS No. 121 on the date of manufacture and all vacuum braked vehicles. Each motor vehicle using air or vacuum braking must have either reserve capacity, or a reservoir, that would enable the driver to make a full service brake application with the engine stopped without depleting the air pressure or vacuum below 70 percent of that indicated by the air or vacuum gauge immediately before the brake application is made. For the purposes of this paragraph, a full service brake application means depressing the brake pedal or treadle valve to the limit of its travel. (c) Safeguarding of air and vacuum. Each service reservoir system on a motor vehicle shall be protected against a loss of air pressure or vacuum due to a failure or leakage in the system between the service reservoir and the source of air pressure or vacuum, by check valves or equivalent devices whose proper functioning can be checked without disconnecting any air or vacuum line, or fitting. (d) Drain valves for air braked vehicles. Each reservoir must have a condensate drain valve that can be manually operated. Automatic condensate drain valves may be used provided (1) they may be operated manually, or (2) a manual means of draining the reservoirs is retained. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.12 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.51 Warning signals, air pressure and vacuum gauges. | FHWA | [70 FR 48052, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) General Rule. Every bus, truck and truck tractor, except as provided in paragraph (f), must be equipped with a signal that provides a warning to the driver when a failure occurs in the vehicle's service brake system. The warning signal must meet the applicable requirements of paragraphs (b), (c), (d) or (e) of this section. (b) Hydraulic brakes. Vehicles manufactured on or after September 1, 1975, must meet the brake system indicator lamp requirements of FMVSS No. 571.105 (S5.3) applicable to the vehicle on the date of manufacture. Vehicles manufactured on or after July 1, 1973 but before September 1, 1975, or to which FMVSS No. 571.105 was not applicable on the date of manufacture, must have a warning signal which operates before or upon application of the brakes in the event of a hydraulic-type complete failure of a partial system. The signal must be either visible within the driver's forward field of view or audible. The signal must be continuous. (NOTE: FMVSS No. 105 was applicable to trucks and buses from September 1, 1975 to October 12, 1976, and from September 1, 1983, to the present. FMVSS No. 105 was not applicable to trucks and buses manufactured between October 12, 1976, and September 1, 1983. Motor carriers have the option of equipping those vehicles to meet either the indicator lamp requirements of FMVSS No. 105, or the indicator lamp requirements specified in this paragraph for vehicles which were not subject to FMVSS No. 105 on the date of manufacture.) (c) Air brakes. A commercial motor vehicle (regardless of the date of manufacture) equipped with service brakes activated by compressed air (air brakes) or a commercial motor vehicle towing a vehicle with service brakes activated by compressed air (air brakes) must be equipped with a pressure gauge and a warning signal. Trucks, truck tractors, and buses manufactured on or after March 1, 1975, must, at a minimum, have a pressure gauge and a warning signal which meets the requirements of FMVSS No. 121 (S5.1.4 for the pressure gauge and S5.… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.13 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.52 Brake performance. | FHWA | [36 FR 20298, Oct. 20, 1971, as amended at 37 FR 5251, Mar. 11, 1972; 37 FR 11336, June 7, 1972; 67 FR 51777, Aug. 9, 2002] | (a) Upon application of its service brakes, a motor vehicle or combination of motor vehicles must under any condition of loading in which it is found on a public highway, be capable of— (1) Developing a braking force at least equal to the percentage of its gross weight specified in the table in paragraph (d) of this section; (2) Decelerating to a stop from 20 miles per hour at not less than the rate specified in the table in paragraph (d) of this section; and (3) Stopping from 20 miles per hour in a distance, measured from the point at which movement of the service brake pedal or control begins, that is not greater than the distance specified in the table in paragraph (d) of this section; or, for motor vehicles or motor vehicle combinations that have a GVWR or GVW greater than 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds), (4) Developing only the braking force specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section and the stopping distance specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if braking force is measured by a performance-based brake tester which meets the requirements of functional specifications for performance-based brake testers for commercial motor vehicles, where braking force is the sum of the braking force at each wheel of the vehicle or vehicle combination as a percentage of gross vehicle or combination weight. (b) Upon application of its emergency brake system and with no other brake system applied, a motor vehicle or combination of motor vehicles must, under any condition of loading in which it is found on a public highway, be capable of stopping from 20 miles per hour in a distance, measured from the point at which movement of the emergency brake control begins, that is not greater than the distance specified in the table in paragraph (d) of this section. (c) Conformity to the stopping-distance requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section shall be determined under the following conditions: (1) Any test must be made with the vehicle on a hard surface that is substantially level, dry, smooth, and free of lo… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.14 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.53 Automatic brake adjusters and brake adjustment indicators. | FHWA | [60 FR 46245, Sept. 6, 1995, as amended at 77 FR 46639, Aug. 6, 2012] | (a) Automatic brake adjusters (hydraulic brake systems). Each commercial motor vehicle manufactured on or after October 20, 1993, and equipped with a hydraulic brake system, shall meet the automatic brake adjustment system requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 105 (49 CFR 571.105, S5.1) applicable to the vehicle at the time it was manufactured. (b) Automatic brake adjusters (air brake systems). Each commercial motor vehicle manufactured on or after October 20, 1994, and equipped with an air brake system must meet the automatic brake adjustment system requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 121 (49 CFR 571.121, S5.1.8 or S5.2.2) applicable to the vehicle at the time it was manufactured. (c) Brake adjustment indicator (air brake systems). On each commercial motor vehicle manufactured on or after October 20, 1994, and equipped with an air brake system which contains an external automatic adjustment mechanism and an exposed pushrod, the condition of service brake under-adjustment must be displayed by a brake adjustment indicator conforming to the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 121 (49 CFR 571.121, S5.1.8 or S5.2.2) applicable to the vehicle at the time it was manufactured. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.15 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.55 Antilock brake systems. | FHWA | [63 FR 24465, May 4, 1998, as amended at 75 FR 57396, Sept. 21, 2010] | (a) Hydraulic brake systems. Each truck and bus manufactured on or after March 1, 1999 (except trucks and buses engaged in driveaway-towaway operations), and equipped with a hydraulic brake system, shall be equipped with an antilock brake system that meets the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 105 (49 CFR 571.105, S5.5). (b) ABS malfunction indicators for hydraulic braked vehicles. Each hydraulic braked vehicle subject to the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section shall be equipped with an ABS malfunction indicator system that meets the requirements of FMVSS No. 105 (49 CFR 571.105, S5.3). (c) Air brake systems. (1) Each truck tractor manufactured on or after March 1, 1997 (except truck tractors engaged in driveaway-towaway operations), shall be equipped with an antilock brake system that meets the requirements of FMVSS No. 121 (49 CFR 571.121, S5.1.6.1(b)). (2) Each air braked commercial motor vehicle other than a truck tractor, manufactured on or after March 1, 1998 (except commercial motor vehicles engaged in driveaway-towaway operations), shall be equipped with an antilock brake system that meets the requirements of FMVSS No. 121 (49 CFR 571.121, S5.1.6.1(a) for trucks and buses, S5.2.3 for semitrailers, converter dollies and full trailers). (d) ABS malfunction circuits and signals for air braked vehicles. (1) Each truck tractor manufactured on or after March 1, 1997, and each single-unit air braked vehicle manufactured on or after March 1, 1998, subject to the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section, shall be equipped with an electrical circuit that is capable of signaling a malfunction that affects the generation or transmission of response or control signals to the vehicle's antilock brake system (49 CFR 571.121, S5.1.6.2(a)). (2) Each truck tractor manufactured on or after March 1, 2001, and each single-unit vehicle that is equipped to tow another air-braked vehicle, subject to the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section, shall be equipped wi… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.2 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.41 Parking brake system. | FHWA | [70 FR 48048, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Hydraulic-braked vehicles manufactured on or after September 2, 1983. Each truck and bus (other than a school bus) with a GVWR of 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) or less which is subject to this part and school buses with a GVWR greater than 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) shall be equipped with a parking brake system as required by FMVSS No. 571.105 (S5.2) in effect at the time of manufacture. The parking brake shall be capable of holding the vehicle or combination of vehicles stationary under any condition of loading in which it is found on a public road (free of ice and snow). Hydraulic-braked vehicles which were not subject to the parking brake requirements of FMVSS No. 571.105 (S5.2) must be equipped with a parking brake system that meets the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section. (b) Air-braked power units manufactured on or after March 1, 1975, and air-braked trailers manufactured on or after January 1, 1975. Each air-braked bus, truck and truck tractor manufactured on and after March 1, 1975, and each air-braked trailer except an agricultural commodity trailer, converter dolly, heavy hauler trailer or pulpwood trailer, shall be equipped with a parking brake system as required by FMVSS No. 121 (S5.6) in effect at the time of manufacture. The parking brake shall be capable of holding the vehicle or combination of vehicles stationary under any condition of loading in which it is found on a public road (free of ice and snow). An agricultural commodity trailer, heavy hauler or pulpwood trailer shall carry sufficient chocking blocks to prevent movement when parked. (c) Vehicles not subject to FMVSS Nos. 105 and 121 on the date of manufacture. (1) Each singly driven motor vehicle not subject to parking brake requirements of FMVSS Nos. 105 or 121 at the time of manufacturer, and every combination of motor vehicles must be equipped with a parking brake system adequate to hold the vehicle or combination on any grade on which it is operated, under any condition of loading in which it is found on a public road … | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.3 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.42 Brakes required on all wheels. | FHWA | [52 FR 2803, Jan. 27, 1987, as amended at 53 FR 49398, Dec. 7, 1988; 54 FR 48617, Nov. 24, 1989; 59 FR 25574, May 17, 1994; 61 FR 1843, Jan. 24, 1996; 70 FR 48049, Aug. 15, 2005; 76 FR 56321, Sept. 13, 2011; 91 FR 7890, Feb. 19, 2026] | (a) Every commercial motor vehicle shall be equipped with brakes acting on all wheels. This requirement also applies to certain motor vehicles being towed in a driveaway-towaway operation, as follows: (1) Any motor vehicle towed by means of a tow-bar when another motor vehicle is full-mounted on the towed vehicle; and (2) Any saddlemount configuration with a fullmount. (b) Exception. (1) Trucks or truck tractors having three or more axles and manufactured before July 25, 1980, are not required to have brakes on the front wheels. However, these vehicles must meet the requirements of § 393.52. (2) Motor vehicles being towed in a driveaway-towaway operation (including the last truck of triple saddle-mount combinations (see § 393.71(a)(3)) are not required to have operative brakes provided the combination of vehicles meets the requirements of § 393.52. (3) Any semitrailer or pole trailer (laden or unladen) with a gross weight of 1,361 kg (3,000 pounds) or less which is subject to this part is not required to be equipped with brakes if the axle weight of the towed vehicle does not exceed 40 percent of the sum of the axle weights of the towing vehicle. (4) Any full trailer or four-wheel pole trailer (laden or unladen) with a gross weight of 1,361 kg (3,000 pounds) or less which is subject to this part is not required to be equipped with brakes if the sum of the axle weights of the towed vehicle does not exceed 40 percent of the sum of the axle weights of the towing vehicle. (5) Brakes are not required on the steering axle of a three-axle dolly which is steered by a co-driver. (6) Loaded housemoving dollies, specialized trailers and dollies used to transport industrial furnaces, reactors, and similar motor vehicles are not required to be equipped with brakes, provided the speed at which the combination of vehicles will be operated does not exceed 32 km/hour (20 mph) and brakes on the combination of vehicles are capable of stopping the combination within 12.2 meters (40 feet) from the speed at which the vehicle… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.4 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.43 Breakaway and emergency braking. | FHWA | [53 FR 49384, Dec. 7, 1988, as amended at 70 FR 48050, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Towing vehicle protection system. Every motor vehicle, if used to tow a trailer equipped with brakes, shall be equipped with a means for providing that in the case of a breakaway of the trailer, the service brakes on the towing vehicle will be capable of stopping the towing vehicle. For air braked towing units, the tractor protection valve or similar device shall operate automatically when the air pressure on the towing vehicle is between 138 kPa and 310 kPa (20 psi and 45 psi). (b) Emergency brake requirements, air brakes. Every truck or truck tractor equipped with air brakes, when used for towing other vehicles equipped with air brakes, shall be equipped with two means of activating the emergency features of the trailer brakes. One of these means shall operate automatically in the event of reduction of the towing vehicle air supply to a fixed pressure which shall not be lower than 20 pounds per square inch nor higher than 45 pounds per square inch. The other means shall be a manually controlled device readily operable by a person seated in the driving seat. Its emergency position or method of operation shall be clearly indicated. In no instance may the manual means be so arranged as to permit its use to prevent operation of the automatic means. The automatic and manual means required by this section may be, but are not required to be, separate. (c) Emergency brake requirements, vacuum brakes. Every truck tractor and truck when used for towing other vehicles equipped with vacuum brakes, shall have, in addition to the single control required by § 393.49 to operate all brakes of the combination, a second manual control device which can be used to operate the brakes on the towed vehicles in emergencies. Such second control shall be independent of brake air, hydraulic, and other pressure, and independent of other controls, unless the braking system be so arranged that failure of the pressure on which the second control depends will cause the towed vehicle brakes to be applied automatically. The second co… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.5 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.44 Front brake lines, protection. | FHWA | [53 FR 49400, Dec. 7, 1988] | On every bus, if equipped with air brakes, the braking system shall be so constructed that in the event any brake line to any of the front wheels is broken, the driver can apply the brakes on the rear wheels despite such breakage. The means used to apply the brakes may be located forward of the driver's seat as long as it can be operated manually by the driver when the driver is properly restrained by any seat belt assembly provided for use. Every bus shall meet this requirement or comply with the regulations in effect at the time of its manufacture. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.6 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.45 Brake tubing and hoses; hose assemblies and end fittings. | FHWA | [70 FR 48050, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) General construction requirements for tubing and hoses, assemblies, and end fittings. All brake tubing and hoses, brake hose assemblies, and brake hose end fittings must meet the applicable requirements of FMVSS No. 106 (49 CFR 571.106). (b) Brake tubing and hose installation. Brake tubing and hose must— (1) Be long and flexible enough to accommodate without damage all normal motions of the parts to which it is attached; (2) Be secured against chaffing, kinking, or other mechanical damage; and (3) Be installed in a manner that prevents it from contacting the vehicle's exhaust system or any other source of high temperatures. (c) Nonmetallic brake tubing. Coiled nonmetallic brake tubing may be used for connections between towed and towing motor vehicles or between the frame of a towed vehicle and the unsprung subframe of an adjustable axle of the motor vehicle if— (1) The coiled tubing has a straight segment (pigtail) at each end that is at least 51 mm (2 inches) in length and is encased in a spring guard or similar device which prevents the tubing from kinking at the fitting at which it is attached to the vehicle; and (2) The spring guard or similar device has at least 51 mm (2 inches) of closed coils or similar surface at its interface with the fitting and extends at least 38 mm (1 1/2 inches) into the coiled segment of the tubing from its straight segment. (d) Brake tubing and hose connections. All connections for air, vacuum, or hydraulic braking systems shall be installed so as to ensure an attachment free of leaks, constrictions or other conditions which would adversely affect the performance of the brake system. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.7 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.46 [Reserved] | FHWA | |||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.8 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.47 Brake actuators, slack adjusters, linings/pads and drums/rotors. | FHWA | [70 FR 48051, Aug. 15, 2005, as amended at 77 FR 46638, Aug. 6, 2012; 86 FR 57076, Oct. 14, 2021] | (a) General requirements. Brake components must be constructed, installed and maintained to prevent excessive fading and grabbing. The means of attachment and physical characteristics must provide for safe and reliable stopping of the commercial motor vehicle. (b) Brake chambers. The service brake chambers and spring brake chambers on each end of an axle must be the same size. (c) Slack adjusters. The effective length of the slack adjuster on each end of an axle must be the same. (d) Linings and pads. The thickness of the brake linings or pads shall meet the applicable requirements of this paragraph— (1) Steering axle brakes. The brake lining/pad thickness on the steering axle of a truck, truck-tractor or bus shall not be less than 4.8 mm ( 3/16 inch) at the shoe center for a shoe with a continuous strip of lining; less than 6.4 mm ( 1/4 inch) at the shoe center for a shoe with two pads; or worn to the wear indicator if the lining is so marked, for air drum brakes. The steering axle brake lining/pad thickness shall not be less than 3.2 mm ( 1/8 inch) for air disc brakes, or 1.6 mm ( 1/16 inch) or less for hydraulic disc, drum and electric brakes. (2) Non-steering axle brakes. An air braked commercial motor vehicle shall not be operated with brake lining/pad thickness less than 6.4 mm ( 1/4 inch) or to the wear indicator if the lining is so marked (measured at the shoe center for drum brakes); or less than 3.2 mm ( 1/8 inch) for disc brakes. Hydraulic or electric braked commercial motor vehicles shall not be operated with a lining/pad thickness less than 1.6 mm ( 1/16 inch) (measured at the shoe center) for disc or drum brakes. (e) Clamp, Bendix DD-3, bolt-type, and rotochamber brake actuator readjustment limits. (1) The pushrod stroke must not be greater than the values specified in the following tables: Clamp-Type Brake Chambers 1 For type 20 chambers with a 3-inch (76 mm) rated stroke. 2 For type 24 chambers with a 3-inch (76 mm) rated stroke. Bendix DD-3 Brake Chambers … | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.3.16.9 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | C | Subpart C—Brakes | § 393.48 Brakes to be operative. | FHWA | [70 FR 48051, Aug. 15, 2005, as amended at 72 FR 9870, Mar. 6, 2007] | (a) General rule. Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section, all brakes with which a motor vehicle is equipped must at all times be capable of operating. (b) Devices to reduce or remove front-wheel braking effort. A commercial motor vehicle may be equipped with a device to reduce the front wheel braking effort (or in the case of a three-axle truck or truck tractor manufactured before March 1, 1975, a device to remove the front-wheel braking effort) if that device meets the applicable requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of this section. (1) Manually operated devices. Manually operated devices to reduce or remove front-wheel braking effort may only be used on buses, trucks, and truck tractors manufactured before March 1, 1975. Such devices must not be used unless the vehicle is being operated under adverse conditions such as wet, snowy, or icy roads. (2) Automatic devices. Automatic devices must not reduce the front-wheel braking force by more than 50 percent of the braking force available when the automatic device is disconnected (regardless of whether or not an antilock system failure has occurred on any axle). The device must not be operable by the driver except upon application of the control that activates the braking system. The device must not be operable when the brake control application pressure exceeds 85 psig (for vehicles equipped with air brakes) or 85 percent of the maximum system pressure (for vehicles which are not equipped with air brakes). (c) Exception. Paragraph (a) of this section does not apply to— (1) A towed vehicle with disabling damage as defined in § 390.5; (2) A vehicle which is towed in a driveaway-towaway operation and is included in the exemption to the requirement for brakes on all wheels, § 393.42(b); (3) Unladen converter dollies with a gross weight of 1,361 kg (3,000 lbs) or less, and manufactured prior to March 1, 1998; (4) The steering axle of a three-axle dolly which is steered by a co-driver; (5) Loaded house moving dollies, s… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.4.16.1 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | D | Subpart D—Glazing and Window Construction | § 393.60 Glazing in specified openings. | FHWA | [63 FR 1387, Jan. 9, 1998, as amended at 81 FR 65574, Sept. 23, 2016; 83 FR 22878, May 17, 2018; 87 FR 12604, Mar. 7, 2022] | (a) Glazing material. Glazing material used in windshields, windows, and doors on a motor vehicle manufactured on or after December 25, 1968, shall at a minimum meet the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 205 in effect on the date of manufacture of the motor vehicle. The glazing material shall be marked in accordance with FMVSS No. 205 (49 CFR 571.205, S6). (b) Windshields required. Each bus, truck and truck-tractor shall be equipped with a windshield. Each windshield or portion of a multi-piece windshield shall be mounted using the full periphery of the glazing material. (c) Windshield condition. With the exception of the conditions listed in paragraphs (c)(1), (c)(2), and (c)(3) of this section, each windshield shall be free of discoloration or damage in the area extending upward from the height of the top of the steering wheel (excluding a 51 mm (2 inch) border at the top of the windshield) and extending from a 25 mm (1 inch) border at each side of the windshield or windshield panel. Exceptions: (1) Coloring or tinting which meets the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section; (2) Any crack that is not intersected by any other cracks; (3) Any damaged area which can be covered by a disc 19 mm ( 3/4 inch) in diameter if not closer than 76 mm (3 inches) to any other similarly damaged area. (d) Coloring or tinting of windshields and windows. Coloring or tinting of windshields and the windows to the immediate right and left of the driver is allowed, provided the parallel luminous transmittance through the colored or tinted glazing is not less than 70 percent of the light at normal incidence in those portions of the windshield or windows which are marked as having a parallel luminous transmittance of not less than 70 percent. The transmittance restriction does not apply to other windows on the commercial motor vehicle. (e) Prohibition on obstructions to the driver's field of view—(1) Devices mounted on the interior of the windshield. (i) Antennas, and similar de… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.4.16.2 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | D | Subpart D—Glazing and Window Construction | § 393.61 Truck and truck tractor window construction. | FHWA | [70 FR 48052, Aug. 15, 2005] | Each truck and truck tractor (except trucks engaged in armored car service) shall have at least one window on each side of the driver's compartment. Each window must have a minimum area of 1,290 cm 2 (200 in 2 ) formed by a rectangle 33 cm by 45 cm (13 inches by 17 3/4 inches). The maximum radius of the corner arcs shall not exceed 152 mm (6 inches). The long axis of the rectangle shall not make an angle of more than 45 degrees with the surface on which the unladen vehicle stands. If the cab is designed with a folding door or doors or with clear openings where doors or windows are customarily located, no windows shall be required in those locations. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.4.16.3 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | D | Subpart D—Glazing and Window Construction | § 393.62 Emergency exits for buses. | FHWA | [70 FR 48052, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Buses manufactured on or after September 1, 1994. Each bus with a GVWR of 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) or less must meet the emergency exit requirements of FMVSS No. 217 (S5.2.2.3) in effect on the date of manufacture. Each bus with a GVWR of more than 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) must have emergency exits which meet the applicable emergency exit requirements of FMVSS No. 217 (S5.2.2 or S5.2.3) in effect on the date of manufacture. (b) Buses manufactured on or after September 1, 1973, but before September 1, 1994. (1) Each bus (including a school bus used in interstate commerce for non-school bus operations) with a GVWR of more than 4,536 kg (10,000 lbs) must meet the requirements of FMVSS No. 217, S5.2.2 in effect on the date of manufacture. (2) Each bus (including a school bus used in interstate commerce for non-school bus operations) with a GVWR of 4,536 kg (10,000 lbs) or less must meet the requirements of FMVSS No. 217, S5.2.2.3 in effect on the date of manufacture. (c) Buses manufactured before September 1, 1973. For each seated passenger space provided, inclusive of the driver there shall be at least 432 cm 2 (67 square inches) of glazing if such glazing is not contained in a push-out window; or, at least 432 cm 2 (67 square inches) of free opening resulting from opening of a push-out type window. No area shall be included in this minimum prescribed area unless it will provide an unobstructed opening of at least 1,290 cm 2 (200 in 2 ) formed by a rectangle 33 cm by 45 cm (13 inches by 17 3/4 inches). The maximum radius of the corner arcs shall not exceed 152 mm (6 inches). The long axis of the rectangle shall not make an angle of more than 45 degrees with the surface on which the unladen vehicle stands. The area shall be measured either by removal of the glazing if not of the push-out type, or of the movable sash if of the push-out type. The exit must comply with paragraph (d) of this section. Each side of the bus must have at least 40 percent of emergency exit space required by this paragrap… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.4.16.4 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | D | Subpart D—Glazing and Window Construction | § 393.63 [Reserved] | FHWA | |||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.5.16.1 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | E | Subpart E—Fuel Systems | § 393.65 All fuel systems. | FHWA | [36 FR 15445, Aug. 14, 1971, as amended at 37 FR 4341, Mar. 2, 1972; 37 FR 28752, Dec. 29, 1972; 91 FR 7893, Feb. 19, 2026] | (a) Application of the rules in this section. The rules in this section apply to systems for containing and supplying fuel for the operation of motor vehicles or for the operation of auxiliary equipment installed on, or used in connection with, motor vehicles. (b) Location. Each fuel system must be located on the motor vehicle so that— (1) No part of the system extends beyond the widest part of the vehicle; (2) No part of a fuel tank is forward of the front axle of a power unit; (3) Fuel spilled vertically from a fuel tank while it is being filled will not contact any part of the exhaust or electrical systems of the vehicle, except the fuel level indicator assembly; (4) Fill pipe openings are located outside the vehicle's passenger compartment and its cargo compartment; (5) A fuel line does not extend between a towed vehicle and the vehicle that is towing it while the combination of vehicles is in motion; and (6) No part of the fuel system of a bus manufactured on or after January 1, 1973, is located within or above the passenger compartment. (c) Fuel tank installation. Each fuel tank must be securely attached to the motor vehicle in a workmanlike manner. (d) Gravity or syphon feed prohibited. A fuel system must not supply fuel by gravity or syphon feed directly to the carburetor or injector, except— (1) When an auxiliary pump with a nominal fuel tank capacity of not more than five gallons is mounted on the trailer chassis frame or trailer bed for purposes other than operation of the motor vehicle; and (2) The auxiliary pump shall be operated only when the motor vehicle is not in motion. (e) Selection control valve location. If a fuel system includes a selection control valve which is operable by the driver to regulate the flow of fuel from two or more fuel tanks, the valve must be installed so that either— (1) The driver may operate it while watching the roadway and without leaving his/her driving position; or (2) The driver must stop the vehicle and leave his/her seat in order to operate… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.5.16.2 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | E | Subpart E—Fuel Systems | § 393.67 Liquid fuel tanks. | FHWA | [36 FR 15445, Aug. 14, 1971, as amended at 37 FR 4341, Mar. 2, 1972; 37 FR 28753, Dec. 29, 1972; 45 FR 46424, July 10, 1980; 53 FR 49400, Dec. 7, 1988; 59 FR 8753, Feb. 23, 1994; 69 FR 31305, June 3, 2004; 70 FR 48053, Aug. 15, 2005; 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013; 91 FR 7884, Feb. 19, 2026] | (a) Application of the rules in this section. The rules in this section apply to tanks containing or supplying fuel for the operation of commercial motor vehicles or for the operation of auxiliary equipment installed on, or used in connection with commercial motor vehicles. (1) A liquid fuel tank manufactured on or after January 1, 1973, and a side-mounted gasoline tank must conform to all rules in this section. (2) A diesel fuel tank manufactured before January 1, 1973, and mounted on a bus must conform to the rules in paragraphs (c)(7)(ii) and (d)(2) of this section. (3) A diesel fuel tank manufactured before January 1, 1973, and mounted on a vehicle other than a bus must conform to the rules in paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of this section. (4) A gasoline tank, other than a side-mounted gasoline tank, manufactured before January 1, 1973, and mounted on a bus must conform to the rules in paragraphs (c) (1) through (10) and (d)(2) of this section. (5) A gasoline tank, other than a side-mounted gasoline tank, manufactured before January 1, 1973, and mounted on a vehicle other than a bus must conform to the rules in paragraphs (c) (1) through (10), inclusive, of this section. (6) Private motor carrier of passengers. Motor carriers engaged in the private transportation of passengers may continue to operate a commercial motor vehicle which was not subject to this section or 49 CFR 571.301 at the time of its manufacture, provided the fuel tank of such vehicle is maintained to the original manufacturer's standards. (7) Motor vehicles that meet the fuel system integrity requirements of 49 CFR 571.301 are exempt from the requirements of this subpart, as they apply to the vehicle's fueling system. (b) Definitions. As used in this section— (1) The term liquid fuel tank means a fuel tank designed to contain a fuel that is liquid at normal atmospheric pressures and temperatures. (2) A side-mounted fuel tank is a liquid fuel tank which— (i) If mounted on a truck tractor, extends outboard of the vehicle frame and ou… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.5.16.3 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | E | Subpart E—Fuel Systems | § 393.68 Compressed natural gas fuel containers. | FHWA | [70 FR 48053, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Applicability. The rules in this section apply to compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel containers used for supplying fuel for the operation of commercial motor vehicles or for the operation of auxiliary equipment installed on, or used in connection with commercial motor vehicles. (b) CNG containers manufactured on or after March 26, 1995. Any motor vehicle manufactured on or after March 26, 1995, and equipped with a CNG fuel tank must meet the CNG container requirements of FMVSS No. 304 (49 CFR 571.304) in effect at the time of manufacture of the vehicle. (c) Labeling. Each CNG fuel container shall be permanently labeled in accordance with the requirements of FMVSS No. 304, S7.4. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.5.16.4 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | E | Subpart E—Fuel Systems | § 393.69 Liquefied petroleum gas systems. | FHWA | [36 FR 15445, Aug. 14, 1971, as amended at 37 FR 4342, Mar. 2, 1972; 41 FR 53031, Dec. 3, 1976; 53 FR 49400, Dec. 7, 1988] | (a) A fuel system that uses liquefied petroleum gas as a fuel for the operation of a motor vehicle or for the operation of auxiliary equipment installed on, or used in connection with, a motor vehicle must conform to the “Standards for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases” of the National Fire Protection Association, Battery March Park, Quincy, MA 02269, as follows: (1) A fuel system installed before December 31, 1962, must conform to the 1951 edition of the Standards. (2) A fuel system installed on or after December 31, 1962, and before January 1, 1973, must conform to Division IV of the June 1959 edition of the Standards. (3) A fuel system installed on or after January 1, 1973, and providing fuel for propulsion of the motor vehicle must conform to Division IV of the 1969 edition of the Standards. (4) A fuel system installed on or after January 1, 1973, and providing fuel for the operation of auxiliary equipment must conform to Division VII of the 1969 edition of the Standards. (b) When the rules in this section require a fuel system to conform to a specific edition of the Standards, the fuel system may conform to the applicable provisions in a later edition of the Standards specified in this section. (c) The tank of a fuel system must be marked to indicate that the system conforms to the Standards. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.6.16.1 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | F | Subpart F—Coupling Devices and Towing Methods | § 393.70 Coupling devices and towing methods, except for driveaway-towaway operations. | FHWA | [37 FR 21439, Oct. 11, 1972, as amended at 70 FR 48053, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Tracking. When two or more vehicles are operated in combination, the coupling devices connecting the vehicles shall be designed, constructed, and installed, and the vehicles shall be designed and constructed, so that when the combination is operated in a straight line on a level, smooth, paved surface, the path of the towed vehicle will not deviate more than 3 inches to either side of the path of the vehicle that tows it. (b) Fifth wheel assemblies —(1) Mounting —(i) Lower half. The lower half of a fifth wheel mounted on a truck tractor or converter dolly must be secured to the frame of that vehicle with properly designed brackets, mounting plates or angles and properly tightened bolts of adequate size and grade, or devices that provide equivalent security. The installation shall not cause cracking, warping, or deformation of the frame. The installation must include a device for positively preventing the lower half of the fifth wheel from shifting on the frame to which it is attached. (ii) Upper half. The upper half of a fifth wheel must be fastened to the motor vehicle with at least the same security required for the installation of the lower half on a truck tractor or converter dolly. (2) Locking. Every fifth wheel assembly must have a locking mechanism. The locking mechanism, and any adapter used in conjunction with it, must prevent separation of the upper and lower halves of the fifth wheel assembly unless a positive manual release is activated. The release may be located so that the driver can operate it from the cab. If a motor vehicle has a fifth wheel designed and constructed to be readily separable, the fifth wheel locking devices shall apply automatically on coupling. (3) Location. The lower half of a fifth wheel shall be located so that, regardless of the condition of loading, the relationship between the kingpin and the rear axle or axles of the towing motor vehicle will properly distribute the gross weight of both the towed and towing vehicles on the axles of those vehicles, will … | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.6.16.2 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | F | Subpart F—Coupling Devices and Towing Methods | § 393.71 Coupling devices and towing methods, driveaway-towaway operations. | FHWA | [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 35 FR 10907, July 7, 1970; 37 FR 21440, Oct. 11, 1972; 53 FR 49400, Dec. 7, 1988; 70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005; 76 FR 56322, Sept. 13, 2011; 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013; 80 FR 59075, Oct. 1, 2015; 86 FR 57076, Oct. 14, 2021] | (a) Number in combination. (1) No more than three saddle-mounts may be used in any combination. (2) No more than one tow-bar or ball-and-socket type coupling device may be used in any combination. (3) When motor vehicles are towed by means of triple saddle-mounts, all but the final towed vehicle must have brakes acting on all wheels in contact with the roadway. (b) Carrying vehicles on towing vehicle. (1) When adequately and securely attached by means equivalent in security to that provided in paragraph (j)(2) of this section, a motor vehicle or motor vehicles may be full-mounted on the structure of a towing vehicle engaged in any driveaway-towaway operation. (2) No motor vehicle or motor vehicles may be full-mounted on a towing vehicle unless the relationship of such full-mounted vehicles to the rear axle or axles results in proper distribution of the total gross weight of the vehicles and does not unduly interfere with the steering, braking, or maneuvering of the towing vehicle, or otherwise contribute to the unsafe operation of the vehicles comprising the combination. (3) Saddle-mounted vehicles must be arranged such that the gross weight of the vehicles is properly distributed to prevent undue interference with the steering, braking, or maneuvering of the combination of vehicles. (c) Carrying vehicles on towed vehicles. (1) When adequately and securely attached by means equivalent in security to that provided in paragraph (j)(2) of this section, a motor vehicle or motor vehicles may be full-mounted on the structure of towed vehicles engaged in any driveaway-towaway operation. (2) No motor vehicle shall be full-mounted on a motor vehicle towed by means of a tow-bar unless the towed vehicle is equipped with brakes and is provided with means for effective application of brakes acting on all wheels and is towed on its own wheels. (3) No motor vehicle or motor vehicles shall be full-mounted on a motor vehicle towed by means of a saddle-mount unless the center line of the kingpin or equivalent means o… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.1 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.75 Tires. | FHWA | [34 FR 9344, June 13, 1969, as amended at 40 FR 44557, Sept. 29, 1975; 41 FR 36657, Aug. 31, 1976; 44 FR 25455, May 1, 1979; 44 FR 47938, Aug. 16, 1979; 53 FR 18057, May 19, 1988; 53 FR 49401, Dec. 7, 1988; 63 FR 8339, Feb. 18, 1998; 65 FR 70220, Nov. 21, 2000; 66 FR 67694, Dec. 31, 2001; 70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005; 81 FR 47731, July 22, 2016; 91 FR 7887, Feb. 19, 2026] | (a) No motor vehicle shall be operated on any tire that— (1) Has body ply or belt material exposed through the tread or sidewall, (2) Has any tread or sidewall separation, (3) Is flat or has an audible leak, or (4) Has a cut to the extent that the ply or belt material is exposed. (b) Any tire on the front wheels of a bus, truck, or truck tractor shall have a tread groove pattern depth of at least 4/32 of an inch when measured at any point on a major tread groove. The measurements shall not be made where tie bars, humps, or fillets are located. (c) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, tires shall have a tread groove pattern depth of at least 2/32 of an inch when measured in a major tread groove. The measurement shall not be made where tie bars, humps or fillets are located. (d) No bus shall be operated with regrooved, recapped or retreaded tires on the front wheels. (e) A regrooved tire with a load-carrying capacity equal to or greater than 2,232 kg (4,920 pounds) shall not be used on the front wheels of any truck or truck tractor. (f) No motor vehicle may be operated with speed-restricted tires labeled with a maximum speed of 55 mph or less in accordance with S6.5(e) of FMVSS No. 119 at speeds that exceed the rated limit of the tire. (g) Tire loading restrictions (except on manufactured homes). No motor vehicle (except manufactured homes, which are governed by paragraph (h) of this section) shall be operated with tires that carry a weight greater than that marked on the sidewall of the tire or, in the absence of such a marking, a weight greater than that specified for the tires in any of the publications of any of the organizations listed in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 119 (49 CFR 571.119, S5.1(b)) unless: (1) The vehicle is being operated under the terms of a special permit issued by the State; and (2) The vehicle is being operated at a reduced speed to compensate for the tire loading in excess of the manufacturer's rated capacity for the tire. In no case shall t… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.10 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.84 Floors. | FHWA | [53 FR 49401, Dec. 7, 1988] | The flooring in all motor vehicles shall be substantially constructed, free of unnecessary holes and openings, and shall be maintained so as to minimize the entrance of fumes, exhaust gases, or fire. Floors shall not be permeated with oil or other substances likely to cause injury to persons using the floor as a traction surface. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.11 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.85 [Reserved] | FHWA | |||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.12 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.86 Rear impact guards and rear end protection. | FHWA | [64 FR 47708, Sept. 1, 1999, as amended at 67 FR 61824, Oct. 2, 2002; 86 FR 62111, Nov. 9, 2021; 91 FR 7877, Feb. 19, 2026] | (a)(1) General requirements for trailers and semitrailers manufactured on or after January 26, 1998. Each trailer and semitrailer with a gross vehicle weight rating of 4,536 kg (10,000 pounds) or more, and manufactured on or after January 26, 1998, must be equipped with a rear impact guard that meets the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 223 (49 CFR 571.223) in effect at the time the vehicle was manufactured. When the rear impact guard is installed on the trailer or semitrailer, the vehicle must, at a minimum, meet the requirements of FMVSS No. 224 (49 CFR 571.224) in effect at the time the vehicle was manufactured. The requirements of paragraph (a) of this section do not apply to pole trailers (as defined in § 390.5 of this chapter); pulpwood trailers, low chassis vehicles, special purpose vehicles, wheels back vehicles, and road construction controlled horizontal discharge trailers (as defined in § 393.5); and trailers towed in driveaway-towaway operations (as defined in § 390.5). (2) Impact guard width. The outermost surfaces of the horizontal member of the guard must extend to within 100 mm (4 inches) of the side extremities of the vehicle. The outermost surface of the horizontal member shall not extend beyond the side extremity of the vehicle. (3) Guard height. The vertical distance between the bottom edge of the horizontal member of the guard and the ground shall not exceed 560 mm (22 inches) at any point across the full width of the member. Guards with rounded corners may curve upward within 255 mm (10 inches) of the longitudinal vertical planes that are tangent to the side extremities of the vehicle. (4) Guard rear surface. At any height 560 mm (22 inches) or more above the ground, the rearmost surface of the horizontal member of the guard must be within 305 mm (12 inches) of the rear extremity of the vehicle. This paragraph shall not be construed to prohibit the rear surface of the guard from extending beyond the rear extremity of the vehicle. Guards with rounded corner… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.13 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.87 Warning flags on projecting loads. | FHWA | [70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Any commercial motor vehicle transporting a load which extends beyond the sides by more than 102 mm (4 inches) or more than 1,219 mm (4 feet) beyond the rear must have the extremities of the load marked with red or orange fluorescent warning flags. Each warning flag must be at least 457 mm (18 inches) square. (b) Position of flags. There must be a single flag at the extreme rear if the projecting load is two feet wide or less. Two warning flags are required if the projecting load is wider than two feet. Flags must be located to indicate maximum width of loads which extend beyond the sides and/or rear of the vehicle. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.14 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.88 Television receivers. | FHWA | Any motor vehicle equipped with a television viewer, screen or other means of visually receiving a television broadcast shall have the viewer or screen located in the motor vehicle at a point to the rear of the back of the driver's seat if such viewer or screen is in the same compartment as the driver and the viewer or screen shall be so located as not to be visible to the driver, while he/she is driving the motor vehicle. The operating controls for the television receiver shall be so located that the driver cannot operate them without leaving the driver's seat. | ||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.15 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.89 Buses, driveshaft protection. | FHWA | [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988] | Any driveshaft extending lengthways under the floor of the passenger compartment of a bus shall be protected by means of at least one guard or bracket at that end of the shaft which is provided with a sliding connection (spline or other such device) to prevent the whipping of the shaft in the event of failure thereof or of any of its component parts. A shaft contained within a torque tube shall not require any such device. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.16 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.90 Buses, standee line or bar. | FHWA | Except as provided below, every bus, which is designed and constructed so as to allow standees, shall be plainly marked with a line of contrasting color at least 2 inches wide or equipped with some other means so as to indicate to any person that he/she is prohibited from occupying a space forward of a perpendicular plane drawn through the rear of the driver's seat and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bus. Every bus shall have clearly posted at or near the front, a sign with letters at least one-half inch high stating that it is a violation of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's regulations for a bus to be operated with persons occupying the prohibited area. The requirements of this section shall not apply to any bus being transported in driveaway-towaway operation or to any level of the bus other that the level in which the driver is located nor shall they be construed to prohibit any seated person from occupying permanent seats located in the prohibited area provided such seats are so located that persons sitting therein will not interfere with the driver's safe operation of the bus. | ||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.17 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.91 Buses, aisle seats prohibited. | FHWA | [53 FR 49402, Dec. 7, 1988] | No bus shall be equipped with aisle seats unless such seats are so designed and installed as to automatically fold and leave a clear aisle when they are unoccupied. No bus shall be operated if any seat therein is not securely fastened to the vehicle. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.18 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.92 [Reserved] | FHWA | |||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.19 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.93 Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages. | FHWA | [35 FR 16839, Oct. 30, 1970, as amended at 39 FR 32561, Sept. 9, 1974; 40 FR 32336, Aug. 1, 1975; 72 FR 55703, Oct. 1, 2007] | (a) Buses —(1) Buses manufactured on or after January 1, 1965, and before July 1, 1971. After June 30, 1972, every bus manufactured on or after January 1, 1965, and before July 1, 1971, must be equipped with a Type 1 or Type 2 seat belt assembly that conforms to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 209 1 (§ 571.209) installed at the driver's seat and seat belt assembly anchorages that conform to the location and geometric requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 210 1 (§ 571.210) for that seat belt assembly. 1 Individual copies of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards may be obtained from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1200 New Jersey Ave., SE., Washington, DC 20590-0001. (2) Buses manufactured on or after July 1, 1971. Every bus manufactured on or after July 1, 1971, must conform to the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 1 (§ 571.208) (relating to installation of seat belt assemblies) and Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 210 1 (§ 571.210) (relating to installation of seat belt assembly anchorages). (3) Buses manufactured on or after January 1, 1972. Every bus manufactured on or after January 1, 1972, must conform to the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 207 1 (§ 571.207) (relating to seating systems). (b) Trucks and truck tractors —(1) Trucks and truck tractors manufactured on and after January 1, 1965, and before July 1, 1971. Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, after June 30, 1972, every truck and truck tractor manufactured on or after January 1, 1965, and before July 1, 1971, must be equipped with a Type 1 or Type 2 seat belt assembly that conforms to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 209 (§ 571.209) installed at the driver's seat and at the right front outboard seat, if the vehicle has one, and seat belt assembly anchorages that conform to the location and geometric requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 210 (§ 571.210) for each s… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.2 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.76 Sleeper berths. | FHWA | [39 FR 14711, Apr. 26, 1974; 39 FR 17233, May 14, 1974, as amended at 53 FR 49401, Dec. 7, 1988] | (a) Dimensions —(1) Size. A sleeper berth must be at least the following size: 1 In the case of a sleeper berth which utilizes an adjustable mechanical suspension system, the required clearance can be measured when the suspension system is adjusted to the height to which it would settle when occupied by a driver. (2) Shape. A sleeper berth installed on a motor vehicle on or after January 1, 1953 must be of generally rectangular shape, except that the horizontal corners and the roof corners may be rounded to radii not exceeding 10 1/2 inches. (3) Access. A sleeper berth must be constructed so that an occupant's ready entrance to, and exit from, the sleeper berth is not unduly hindered. (b) Location. (1) A sleeper berth must not be installed in or on a semitrailer or a full trailer other than a house trailer. (2) A sleeper berth located within the cargo space of a motor vehicle must be securely compartmentalized from the remainder of the cargo space. A sleeper berth installed on or after January 1, 1953 must be located in the cab or immediately adjacent to the cab and must be securely fixed with relation to the cab. (c) Exit from the berth. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, there must be a direct and ready means of exit from a sleeper berth into the driver's seat or compartment. If the sleeper berth was installed on or after January 1, 1963, the exit must be a doorway or opening at least 18 inches high and 36 inches wide. If the sleeper berth was installed before January 1, 1963, the exit must have sufficient area to contain an ellipse having a major axis of 24 inches and a minor axis of 16 inches. (2) A sleeper berth installed before January 1, 1953 must either: (i) Conform to the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this section; or (ii) Have at least two exits, each of which is at least 18 inches high and 21 inches wide, located at opposite ends of the vehicle and useable by the occupant without the assistance of any other person. (d) Communication with the drive… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.20 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.94 Interior noise levels in power units. | FHWA | [38 FR 30881, Nov. 8, 1973, as amended at 40 FR 32336, Aug. 1, 1975; 41 FR 28268, July 9, 1976; 70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Applicability of this section. The interior noise level requirements apply to all trucks, truck-tractors, and buses. (b) General rule. The interior sound level at the driver's seating position of a motor vehicle must not exceed 90 dB(A) when measured in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section. (c) Test procedure. (1) Park the vehicle at a location so that no large reflecting surfaces, such as other vehicles, signboards, buildings, or hills, are within 50 feet of the driver's seating position. (2) Close all vehicle doors, windows, and vents. Turn off all power-operated accessories. (3) Place the driver in his/her normal seated position at the vehicle's controls. Evacuate all occupants except the driver and the person conducting the test. (4) The sound level meters used to determine compliance with the requirements of this section must meet the American National Standards Institute “Specification for Sound Level Meters,” ANSI S1.4—1983. (See § 393.7(b) for information on the incorporation by reference and availability of this document.) (5) Locate the microphone, oriented vertically upward, 6 inches to the right of, in the same plane as, and directly in line with, the driver's right ear. (6) With the vehicle's transmission in neutral gear, accelerate its engine to either its maximum governed engine speed, if it is equipped with an engine governor, or its speed at its maximum rated horsepower, if it is not equipped with an engine governor. Stabilize the engine at that speed. (7) Observe the A-weighted sound level reading on the meter for the stabilized engine speed condition. Record that reading, if the reading has not been influenced by extraneous noise sources such as motor vehicles operating on adjacent roadways. (8) Return the vehicle's engine speed to idle and repeat the procedures specified in paragraphs (c) (6) and (7) of this section until two maximum sound levels within 2 dB of each other are recorded. Numerically average those two maximum sound level readings. (9) The average ob… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.3 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.77 Heaters. | FHWA | [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 40 FR 51198, Nov. 4, 1975; 53 FR 49401, Dec. 7, 1988; 77 FR 59828, Oct. 1, 2012; 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] | On every motor vehicle, every heater shall comply with the following requirements: (a) Prohibited types of heaters. The installation or use of the following types of heaters is prohibited: (1) Exhaust heaters. Any type of exhaust heater in which the engine exhaust gases are conducted into or through any space occupied by persons or any heater which conducts engine compartment air into any such space. (2) Unenclosed flame heaters. Any type of heater employing a flame which is not fully enclosed, except that such heaters are not prohibited when used for heating the cargo of tank motor vehicles. (3) Heaters permitting fuel leakage. Any type of heater from the burner of which there could be spillage or leakage of fuel upon the tilting or overturning of the vehicle in which it is mounted. (4) Heaters permitting air contamination. Any heater taking air, heated or to be heated, from the engine compartment or from direct contact with any portion of the exhaust system; or any heater taking air in ducts from the outside atmosphere to be conveyed through the engine compartment, unless said ducts are so constructed and installed as to prevent contamination of the air so conveyed by exhaust or engine compartment gases. (5) Solid fuel heaters except wood charcoal. Any stove or other heater employing solid fuel except wood charcoal. (6) Portable heaters. Portable heaters shall not be used in any space occupied by persons except the cargo space of motor vehicles which are being loaded or unloaded. (b) Heater specifications. All heaters shall comply with the following specifications: (1) Heating elements, protection. Every heater shall be so located or protected as to prevent contact therewith by occupants, unless the surface temperature of the protecting grilles or of any exposed portions of the heaters, inclusive of exhaust stacks, pipes, or conduits shall be lower than would cause contact burns. Adequate protection shall be afforded against igniting parts of the vehicle or burning occupants by direct… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.4 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.78 Windshield wiping and washing systems. | FHWA | [70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Vehicles manufactured on or after December 25, 1968. Each bus, truck, and truck-tractor manufactured on or after December 25, 1968, must have a windshield wiping system that meets the requirements of FMVSS No. 104 (S4.1) in effect on the date of manufacture. Each of these vehicles must have a windshield washing system that meets the requirements of FMVSS No. 104 (S4.2.2) in effect on the date of manufacture. (b) Vehicles manufactured between June 30, 1953, and December 24, 1968. Each truck, truck-tractor, and bus manufactured between June 30, 1953, and December 24, 1968, shall be equipped with a power-driven windshield wiping system with at least two wiper blades, one on each side of the centerline of the windshield. Motor vehicles which depend upon vacuum to operate the windshield wipers, shall have the wiper system constructed and maintained such that the performance of the wipers will not be adversely affected by a change in the intake manifold pressure. (c) Driveaway-towaway operations. Windshield wiping and washing systems need not be in working condition while a commercial motor vehicle is being towed in a driveaway-towaway operation. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.5 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.79 Windshield defrosting and defogging systems. | FHWA | [70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] | (a) Vehicles manufactured on or after December 25, 1968. Each bus, truck, and truck-tractor manufactured on or after December 25, 1968, must have a windshield defrosting and defogging system that meets the requirements of FMVSS No. 103 in effect on the date of manufacture. (b) Vehicles manufactured before December 25, 1968. Each bus, truck, and truck-tractor shall be equipped with a means for preventing the accumulation of ice, snow, frost, or condensation that could obstruct the driver's view through the windshield while the vehicle is being driven. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.6 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.80 Rear-vision mirrors. | FHWA | [48 FR 57139, Dec. 28, 1983, as amended at 66 FR 49874, Oct. 1, 2001] | (a) Every bus, truck, and truck tractor shall be equipped with two rear-vision mirrors, one at each side, firmly attached to the outside of the motor vehicle, and so located as to reflect to the driver a view of the highway to the rear, along both sides of the vehicle. All such regulated rear-vision mirrors and their replacements shall meet, as a minimum, the requirements of FMVSS No. 111 (49 CFR 571.111) in force at the time the vehicle was manufactured. (b) Exceptions. (1) Mirrors installed on a vehicle manufactured prior to January 1, 1981, may be continued in service, provided that if the mirrors are replaced they shall be replaced with mirrors meeting, as a minimum, the requirements of FMVSS No. 111 (49 CFR 571.111) in force at the time the vehicle was manufactured. (2) Only one outside mirror shall be required, which shall be on the driver's side, on trucks which are so constructed that the driver has a view to the rear by means of an interior mirror. (3) In driveway-towaway operations, the driven vehicle shall have at least one mirror furnishing a clear view to the rear. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.7 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.81 Horn. | FHWA | Every bus, truck, truck-tractor, and every driven motor vehicle in driveaway-towaway operations shall be equipped with a horn and actuating elements which shall be in such condition as to give an adequate and reliable warning signal. | ||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.8 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.82 Speedometer. | FHWA | [70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005] | Each bus, truck, and truck-tractor must be equipped with a speedometer indicating vehicle speed in miles per hour and/or kilometers per hour. The speedometer must be accurate to within plus or minus 8 km/hr (5 mph) at a speed of 80 km/hr (50 mph). | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.7.16.9 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | G | Subpart G—Miscellaneous Parts and Accessories | § 393.83 Exhaust systems. | FHWA | [53 FR 49401, Dec. 7, 1988] | (a) Every motor vehicle having a device (other than as part of its cargo) capable of expelling harmful combustion fumes shall have a system to direct the discharge of such fumes. No part shall be located where its location would likely result in burning, charring, or damaging the electrical wiring, the fuel supply, or any combustible part of the motor vehicle. (b) No exhaust system shall discharge to the atmosphere at a location immediately below the fuel tank or the fuel tank filler pipe. (c) The exhaust system of a bus powered by a gasoline engine shall discharge to the atmosphere at or within 6 inches forward of the rearmost part of the bus. (d) The exhaust system of a bus using fuels other than gasoline shall discharge to the atmosphere either: (1) At or within 15 inches forward of the rearmost part of the vehicle; or (2) To the rear of all doors or windows designed to be open, except windows designed to be opened solely as emergency exits. (e) The exhaust system of every truck and truck tractor shall discharge to the atmosphere at a location to the rear of the cab or, if the exhaust projects above the cab, at a location near the rear of the cab. (f) No part of the exhaust system shall be temporarily repaired with wrap or patches. (g) No part of the exhaust system shall leak or discharge at a point forward of or directly below the driver/sleeper compartment. The exhaust outlet may discharge above the cab/sleeper roofline. (h) The exhaust system must be securely fastened to the vehicle. (i) Exhaust systems may use hangers which permit required movement due to expansion and contraction caused by heat of the exhaust and relative motion between engine and chassis of a vehicle. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.8.16.1 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | H | Subpart H—Emergency Equipment | § 393.95 Emergency equipment on all power units. | FHWA | [33 FR 19735, Dec. 25, 1968, as amended at 35 FR 13019, Aug. 15, 1970; 35 FR 14619, Sept. 18, 1970; 37 FR 17176, Aug. 25, 1972; 40 FR 10685, Mar. 7, 1975; 41 FR 53031, Dec. 3, 1976; 47 FR 47837, Oct. 28, 1982; 59 FR 34712, July 6, 1994; 67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002; 70 FR 48054, Aug. 15, 2005; 72 FR 44036, Aug. 7, 2007; 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013; 80 FR 59075, Oct. 1, 2015; 91 FR 7870, Feb. 19, 2026] | Each truck, truck tractor, and bus (except those towed in driveaway-towaway operations) must be equipped as follows: (a) Fire extinguishers —(1) Minimum ratings. (i) A power unit that is used to transport hazardous materials in a quantity that requires placarding (See § 177.823 of this title) must be equipped with a fire extinguisher having an Underwriters' Laboratories rating of 10 B:C or more. (ii) A power unit that is not used to transport hazardous materials must be equipped with either: (A) A fire extinguisher having an Underwriters' Laboratories rating of 5 B:C or more; or (B) Two fire extinguishers, each of which has an Underwriters' Laboratories rating of 4 B:C or more. (2) Labeling and marking. Each fire extinguisher required by this section must be labeled or marked by the manufacturer with its Underwriters' Laboratories rating. (3) Visual Indicators. The fire extinguisher must be designed, constructed, and maintained to permit visual determination of whether it is fully charged. (4) Condition, location, and mounting. The fire extinguisher(s) must be filled and located so that it is readily accessible for use. The extinguisher(s) must be securely mounted to prevent sliding, rolling, or vertical movement relative to the motor vehicle. (5) Extinguishing agents. The fire extinguisher must use an extinguishing agent that does not need protection from freezing. Extinguishing agents must comply with the toxicity provisions of the Environmental Protection Agency's Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) regulations under 40 CFR Part 82, Subpart G. (6) Exception. This paragraph (a) does not apply to the driven unit in a driveaway-towaway operation. (b) Spare fuses. Power units for which fuses are needed to operate any required parts and accessories must have at least one spare fuse for each type/size of fuse needed for those parts and accessories. (c)-(e) [Reserved] (f) Warning devices for stopped vehicles. Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this section, one of the following… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.1 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.100 Applicability and general requirements of cargo securement standards. | FHWA | (a) Applicability. The rules in this subpart are applicable to trucks, truck tractors, semitrailers, full trailers, and pole trailers. (b) Prevention against loss of load. Each commercial motor vehicle must, when transporting cargo on public roads, be loaded and equipped, and the cargo secured, in accordance with this subpart to prevent the cargo from leaking, spilling, blowing or falling from the motor vehicle. (c) Prevention against shifting of load. Cargo must be contained, immobilized or secured in accordance with this subpart to prevent shifting upon or within the vehicle to such an extent that the vehicle's stability or maneuverability is adversely affected. | ||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.10 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.118 Specific securement requirements for dressed lumber and similar building products. | FHWA | [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35834, June 22, 2006; 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] | (a) Applicability. The rules in this section apply to the transportation of bundles of dressed lumber, packaged lumber, building products such as plywood, gypsum board or other materials of similar shape. Lumber or building products which are not bundled or packaged must be treated as loose items and transported in accordance with §§ 393.100 through 393.114 of this subpart. For the purpose of this section, “bundle” refers to packages of lumber, building materials or similar products which are unitized for securement as a single article of cargo. (b) Positioning of bundles. Bundles must be placed side by side in direct contact with each other, or a means must be provided to prevent bundles from shifting towards each other. (c) Securement of bundles transported using no more than one tier. Bundles carried on one tier must be secured in accordance with the general provisions of §§ 393.100 through 393.114. (d) Securement of bundles transported using more than one tier. Bundles carried in more than one tier must be either: (1) Blocked against lateral movement by stakes on the sides of the vehicle and secured by tiedowns laid out over the top tier, as outlined in the general provisions of §§ 393.100 through 393.114; or (2) Restrained from lateral movement by blocking or high friction devices between tiers and secured by tiedowns laid out over the top tier, as outlined in the general provisions of §§ 393.100 through 393.114; or (3) Placed directly on top of other bundles or on spacers and secured in accordance with the following: (i) The length of spacers between bundles must provide support to all pieces in the bottom row of the bundle. (ii) The width of individual spacers must be equal to or greater than the height. (iii) If spacers are comprised of layers of material, the layers must be unitized or fastened together in a manner which ensures that the spacer performs as a single piece of material. (iv) The arrangement of the tiedowns for the bundles must be: (A) Secured by tiedowns over the top tier… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.11 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.120 Specific securement requirements for metal coils. | FHWA | [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] | (a) Applicability. The rules in this section apply to the transportation of one or more metal coils which, individually or grouped together, weigh 2268 kg (5000 pounds) or more. Shipments of metal coils that weigh less than 2268 kg (5000 pounds) may be secured in accordance with the provisions of §§ 393.100 through 393.114. (b) Securement of coils transported with eyes vertical on a flatbed vehicle, in a sided vehicle or in an intermodal container with anchor points —(1) An individual coil. Each coil must be secured by tiedowns arranged in a manner to prevent the coils from tipping in the forward, rearward, and lateral directions. The restraint system must include the following: (i) At least one tiedown attached diagonally from the left side of the vehicle or intermodal container (near the forwardmost part of the coil), across the eye of the coil, to the right side of the vehicle or intermodal container (near the rearmost part of the coil); (ii) At least one tiedown attached diagonally from the right side of the vehicle or intermodal container (near the forwardmost part of the coil), across the eye of the coil, to the left side of the vehicle or intermodal container (near the rearmost part of the coil); (iii) At least one tiedown attached transversely over the eye of the coil; and (iv) Either blocking and bracing, friction mats or tiedowns to prevent longitudinal movement in the forward direction. (2) Coils grouped in rows. When coils are grouped and loaded side by side in a transverse or longitudinal row, then each row of coils must be secured by the following: (i) At least one tiedown attached to the front of the row of coils, restraining against forward motion, and whenever practicable, making an angle no more than 45 degrees with the floor of the vehicle or intermodal container when viewed from the side of the vehicle or container; (ii) At least one tiedown attached to the rear of the row of coils, restraining against rearward motion, and whenever practicable, making an angle no more than 45 de… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.12 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.122 Specific securement requirements for paper rolls. | FHWA | [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35834, June 22, 2006] | (a) Applicability. The rules in this section apply to shipments of paper rolls which, individually or together, weigh 2268 kg (5000 lb) or more. Shipments of paper rolls that weigh less than 2268 kg (5000 lb), and paper rolls that are unitized on a pallet, may either be secured in accordance with the rules in this section or the requirements of §§ 393.100 through 393.114. (b) Securement of paper rolls transported with eyes vertical in a sided vehicle. (1) Paper rolls must be placed tightly against the walls of the vehicle, other paper rolls, or other cargo, to prevent movement during transit. (2) If there are not enough paper rolls in the shipment to reach the walls of the vehicle, lateral movement must be prevented by filling the void, blocking, bracing, tiedowns or friction mats. The paper rolls may also be banded together. (3) When any void behind a group of paper rolls, including that at the rear of the vehicle, exceeds the diameter of the paper rolls, rearward movement must be prevented by friction mats, blocking, bracing, tiedowns, or banding to other rolls. (4)(i) If a paper roll is not prevented from tipping or falling sideways or rearwards by vehicle structure or other cargo, and its width is more than 2 times its diameter, it must be prevented from tipping or falling by banding it to other rolls, bracing, or tiedowns. (ii) If the forwardmost roll(s) in a group of paper rolls has a width greater than 1.75 times its diameter and it is not prevented from tipping or falling forwards by vehicle structure or other cargo, then it must be prevented from tipping or falling forwards by banding it to other rolls, bracing, or tiedowns. (iii) If the forwardmost roll(s) in a group of paper rolls has a width equal to or less than 1.75 times its diameter, and it is restrained against forward movement by friction mat(s) alone, then banding, bracing, or tiedowns are not required to prevent tipping or falling forwards. (iv) If a paper roll or the forwardmost roll in a group of paper rolls has a width greater th… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.13 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.124 Specific securement requirements for concrete pipe. | FHWA | [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] | (a) Applicability. (1) The rules in this section apply to the transportation of concrete pipe on flatbed trailers and vehicles, and lowboy trailers. (2) Concrete pipe bundled tightly together into a single rigid article that has no tendency to roll, and concrete pipe loaded in a sided vehicle or container must be secured in accordance with the provisions of §§ 393.100 through 393.114. (b) General specifications for tiedowns. (1) The aggregate working load limit of all tiedowns on any group of pipes must not be less than half the total weight of all the pipes in the group. (2) A transverse tiedown through a pipe on an upper tier or over longitudinal tiedowns is considered to secure all those pipes beneath on which that tiedown causes pressure. (c) Blocking. (1) Blocking may be one or more pieces placed symmetrically about the center of a pipe. (2) One piece must extend at least half the distance from the center to each end of the pipe, and two pieces must be placed on the opposite side, one at each end of the pipe. (3) Blocking must be placed firmly against the pipe, and must be secured to prevent it moving out from under the pipe. (4) Timber blocking must have minimum dimensions of at least 10 × 15 cm (4 × 6 in). (d) Arranging the load —(1) Pipe of different diameter. If pipe of more than one diameter are loaded on a vehicle, groups must be formed that consist of pipe of only one size, and each group must be separately secured. (2) Arranging a bottom tier. The bottom tier must be arranged to cover the full length of the vehicle, or as a partial tier in one group or two groups. (3) Arranging an upper tier. Pipe must be placed only in the wells formed by adjacent pipes in the tier beneath. A third or higher tier must not be started unless all wells in the tier beneath are filled. (4) Arranging the top tier. The top tier must be arranged as a complete tier, a partial tier in one group, or a partial tier in two groups. (5) Arranging bell pipe. (i) Bell pipe must be loaded on at least two … | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.14 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.126 Specific securement requirements for intermodal containers. | FHWA | [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35834, June 22, 2006] | (a) Applicability. The rules in this section apply to the transportation of intermodal containers. Cargo contained within an intermodal container must be secured in accordance with the provisions of §§ 393.100 through 393.114 or, if applicable, the commodity specific rules of this part. (b) Securement of intermodal containers transported on container chassis vehicle(s). (1) All lower corners of the intermodal container must be secured to the container chassis with securement devices or integral locking devices that cannot unintentionally become unfastened while the vehicle is in transit. (2) The securement devices must restrain the container from moving more than 1.27 cm (1/2 in) forward, more than 1.27 cm (1/2 in) aft, more than 1.27 cm (1/2 in) to the right, more than 1.27 cm (1/2 in) to the left, or more than 2.54 cm (1 in) vertically. (3) The front and rear of the container must be secured independently. (c) Securement of loaded intermodal containers transported on vehicles other than container chassis vehicle(s). (1) All lower corners of the intermodal container must rest upon the vehicle, or the corners must be supported by a structure capable of bearing the weight of the container and that support structure must be independently secured to the motor vehicle. (2) Each container must be secured to the vehicle by: (i) Chains, wire ropes or integral devices which are fixed to all lower corners; or (ii) Crossed chains which are fixed to all upper corners; and, (3) The front and rear of the container must be secured independently. Each chain, wire rope, or integral locking device must be attached to the container in a manner that prevents it from being unintentionally unfastened while the vehicle is in transit. (d) Securement of empty intermodal containers transported on vehicles other than container chassis vehicle(s). Empty intermodal containers transported on vehicles other than container chassis vehicles do not have to have all lower corners of the intermodal container resting upon the vehic… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.15 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.128 Specific securement requirements for automobiles, light trucks, and vans. | FHWA | (a) Applicability. The rules in this section apply to the transportation of automobiles, light trucks, and vans which individually weigh 4,536 kg. (10,000 lb) or less. Vehicles which individually are heavier than 4,536 kg (10,000 lb) must be secured in accordance with the provisions of § 393.130 of this part. (b) Securement of automobiles, light trucks, and vans. (1) Automobiles, light trucks, and vans must be restrained at both the front and rear to prevent lateral, forward, rearward, and vertical movement using a minimum of two tiedowns. (2) Tiedowns that are designed to be affixed to the structure of the automobile, light truck, or van must use the mounting points on those vehicles that have been specifically designed for that purpose. (3) Tiedowns that are designed to fit over or around the wheels of an automobile, light truck, or van must provide restraint in the lateral, longitudinal and vertical directions. (4) Edge protectors are not required for synthetic webbing at points where the webbing comes in contact with the tires. | ||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.16 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.130 Specific securement requirements for heavy vehicles, equipment, and machinery. | FHWA | (a) Applicability. The rules in this section apply to the transportation of heavy vehicles, equipment and machinery which operate on wheels or tracks, such as front end loaders, bulldozers, tractors, and power shovels and which individually weigh 4,536 kg (10,000 lb.) or more. Vehicles, equipment and machinery which is lighter than 4,536 kg (10,000 lb.) may also be secured in accordance with the provisions of this section, with § 393.128, or in accordance with the provisions of §§ 393.100 through 393.114. (b) Preparation of equipment being transported. (1) Accessory equipment, such as hydraulic shovels, must be completely lowered and secured to the vehicle. (2) Articulated vehicles shall be restrained in a manner that prevents articulation while in transit. (c) Securement of heavy vehicles, equipment or machinery with crawler tracks or wheels. (1) In addition to the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section, heavy equipment or machinery with crawler tracks or wheels must be restrained against movement in the lateral, forward, rearward, and vertical direction using a minimum of four tiedowns. (2) Each of the tiedowns must be affixed as close as practicable to the front and rear of the vehicle, or mounting points on the vehicle that have been specifically designed for that purpose. | ||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.17 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.132 Specific securement requirements for flattened or crushed vehicles. | FHWA | [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35834, June 22, 2006] | (a) Applicability. The rules in this section apply to the transportation of vehicles such as automobiles, light trucks, and vans that have been flattened or crushed. (b) Prohibition on the use of synthetic webbing. The use of synthetic webbing to secure flattened or crushed vehicles is prohibited except that such webbing may be used to connect wire rope or chain to anchor points on the commercial motor vehicle. However, the webbing (regardless of whether edge protection is used) must not come into contact with the flattened or crushed cars. (c) Securement of flattened or crushed vehicles. Flattened or crushed vehicles must be transported on vehicles which have: (1) Containment walls or comparable means on four sides which extend to the full height of the load and which block against movement of the cargo in the forward, rearward and lateral directions; or (2)(i) Containment walls or comparable means on three sides which extend to the full height of the load and which block against movement of the cargo in the direction for which there is a containment wall or comparable means, and (ii) A minimum of two tiedowns are required per vehicle stack; or (3)(i) Containment walls on two sides which extend to the full height of the load and which block against movement of the cargo in the forward and rearward directions, and (ii) A minimum of three tiedowns are required per vehicle stack; or (4) A minimum of four tiedowns per vehicle stack. (5) In addition to the requirements of paragraphs (c)(2), (3), and (4), the following rules must be satisfied: (i) Vehicles used to transport flattened or crushed vehicles must be equipped with a means to prevent liquids from leaking from the bottom of the vehicle, and loose parts from falling from the bottom and all four sides of the vehicle extending to the full height of the cargo. (ii) The means used to contain loose parts may consist of structural walls, sides or sideboards, or suitable covering material, alone or in combinations. (iii) The use of synthetic materia… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.18 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.134 Specific securement requirements for roll-on/roll-off and hook lift containers. | FHWA | (a) Applicability. The rules in this section apply to the transportation of roll-on/roll-off or hook lift containers. (b) Securement of a roll-on/roll-off and hook lift container. Each roll-on/roll-off and hook lift container carried on a vehicle which is not equipped with an integral securement system must be: (1) Blocked against forward movement by the lifting device, stops, a combination of both or other suitable restraint mechanism; (2) Secured to the front of the vehicle by the lifting device or other suitable restraint against lateral and vertical movement; (3) Secured to the rear of the vehicle with at least one of the following mechanisms: (i) One tiedown attached to both the vehicle chassis and the container chassis; (ii) Two tiedowns installed lengthwise, each securing one side of the container to one of the vehicle's side rails; or (iii) Two hooks, or an equivalent mechanism, securing both sides of the container to the vehicle chassis at least as effectively as the tiedowns in the two previous items. (4) The mechanisms used to secure the rear end of a roll-on/roll off or hook lift container must be installed no more than two meters (6 ft 7 in) from the rear of the container. (5) In the event that one or more of the front stops or lifting devices are missing, damaged or not compatible, additional manually installed tiedowns must be used to secure the container to the vehicle, providing the same level of securement as the missing, damaged or incompatible components. | ||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.19 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.136 Specific securement requirements for large boulders. | FHWA | [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] | (a) Applicability. (1) The rules in this section are applicable to the transportation of any large piece of natural, irregularly shaped rock weighing in excess of 5,000 kg (11,000 lb.) or with a volume in excess of 2 cubic-meters on an open vehicle, or in a vehicle whose sides are not designed and rated to contain such cargo. (2) Pieces of rock weighing more than 100 kg (220 lb.), but less than 5,000 kg (11,000 lb.) must be secured, either in accordance with this section, or in accordance with the provisions of §§ 393.100 through 393.114, including: (i) Rock contained within a vehicle which is designed to carry such cargo; or (ii) Secured individually by tiedowns, provided each piece can be stabilized and adequately secured. (3) Rock which has been formed or cut to a shape and which provides a stable base for securement must also be secured, either in accordance with the provisions of this section, or in accordance with the provisions of §§ 393.100 through 393.114. (b) General requirements for the positioning of boulders on the vehicle. (1) Each boulder must be placed with its flattest and/or largest side down. (2) Each boulder must be supported on at least two pieces of hardwood blocking at least 10 cm × 10 cm (4 inches × 4 inches) side dimensions extending the full width of the boulder. (3) Hardwood blocking pieces must be placed as symmetrically as possible under the boulder and should support at least three-fourths of the length of the boulder. (4) If the flattest side of a boulder is rounded or partially rounded, so that the boulder may roll, it must be placed in a crib made of hardwood timber fixed to the deck of the vehicle so that the boulder rests on both the deck and the timber, with at least three well-separated points of contact that prevent its tendency to roll in any direction. (5) If a boulder is tapered, the narrowest end must point towards the front of the vehicle. (c) General tiedown requirements. (1) Only chain may be used as tiedowns to secure large boulders. (2) Tiedowns whic… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.2 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.102 Minimum performance criteria for cargo securement devices and systems. | FHWA | [71 FR 35832, June 22, 2006, as amended at 78 FR 58484, Sept. 24, 2013] | (a) Performance criteria —(1) Breaking strength. Tiedown assemblies (including chains, wire rope, steel strapping, synthetic webbing, and cordage) and other attachment or fastening devices used to secure articles of cargo to, or in, commercial motor vehicles must be designed, installed, and maintained to ensure that the maximum forces acting on the devices or systems do not exceed the manufacturer's breaking strength rating under the following conditions, applied separately: (i) 0.8 g deceleration in the forward direction; (ii) 0.5 g acceleration in the rearward direction; and (iii) 0.5 g acceleration in a lateral direction. (2) Working Load limit. Tiedown assemblies (including chains, wire rope, steel strapping, synthetic webbing, and cordage) and other attachment or fastening devices used to secure articles of cargo to, or in, commercial motor vehicles must be designed, installed, and maintained to ensure that the forces acting on the devices or systems do not exceed the working load limit for the devices under the following conditions, applied separately: (i) 0.435 g deceleration in the forward direction; (ii) 0.5 g acceleration in the rearward direction; and (iii) 0.25 g acceleration in a lateral direction. (b) Performance criteria for devices to prevent vertical movement of loads that are not contained within the structure of the vehicle. Securement systems must provide a downward force equivalent to at least 20 percent of the weight of the article of cargo if the article is not fully contained within the structure of the vehicle. If the article is fully contained within the structure of the vehicle, it may be secured in accordance with § 393.106(b). (c) Equivalent means of securement. The means of securing articles of cargo are considered to meet the performance requirements of this section if the cargo is: (1) Immobilized, such so that it cannot shift or tip to the extent that the vehicle's stability or maneuverability is adversely affected; or (2) Transported in a sided vehicle that ha… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.3 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.104 Standards for cargo securement devices and systems. | FHWA | [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35833, June 22, 2006] | (a) General. All devices and systems used to secure cargo to or within a vehicle must be capable of meeting the requirements of § 393.102. (b) Prohibition on the use of damaged securement devices. All tiedowns, cargo securement systems, parts and components used to secure cargo must be in proper working order when used to perform that function with no damaged or weakened components, such as, but not limited to, cracks or cuts that will adversely affect their performance for cargo securement purposes, including reducing the working load limit. (c) Vehicle structures and anchor points. Vehicle structures, floors, walls, decks, tiedown anchor points, headerboards, bulkheads, stakes, posts, and associated mounting pockets used to contain or secure articles of cargo must be strong enough to meet the performance criteria of § 393.102, with no damaged or weakened components, such as, but not limited to, cracks or cuts that will adversely affect their performance for cargo securement purposes, including reducing the working load limit. (d) Material for dunnage, chocks, cradles, shoring bars, blocking and bracing. Material used as dunnage or dunnage bags, chocks, cradles, shoring bars, or used for blocking and bracing, must not have damage or defects which would compromise the effectiveness of the securement system. (e) Manufacturing standards for tiedown assemblies. Tiedown assemblies (including chains, wire rope, steel strapping, synthetic webbing, and cordage) and other attachment or fastening devices used to secure articles of cargo to, or in, commercial motor vehicles must conform to the following applicable standards: 1 Steel strapping not marked by the manufacturer with a working load limit will be considered to have a working load limit equal to one-fourth of the breaking strength listed in ASTM D3953-97. 2 Steel strapping 25.4 mm (1 inch) or wider must have at least two pairs of crimps in each seal and, when an end-over-end lap joint is formed, must be sealed with at least two seals. 3 Wire ro… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.4 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.106 General requirements for securing articles of cargo. | FHWA | [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 68 FR 56208, Sept. 30, 2003; 71 FR 35833, June 22, 2006] | (a) Applicability. The rules in this section are applicable to the transportation of all types of articles of cargo, except commodities in bulk that lack structure or fixed shape ( e.g. , liquids, gases, grain, liquid concrete, sand, gravel, aggregates) and are transported in a tank, hopper, box, or similar device that forms part of the structure of a commercial motor vehicle. The rules in this section apply to the cargo types covered by the commodity-specific rules of § 393.116 through § 393.136. The commodity-specific rules take precedence over the general requirements of this section when additional requirements are given for a commodity listed in those sections. (b) General. Cargo must be firmly immobilized or secured on or within a vehicle by structures of adequate strength, dunnage or dunnage bags, shoring bars, tiedowns or a combination of these. (c) Cargo placement and restraint. (1) Articles of cargo that are likely to roll must be restrained by chocks, wedges, a cradle or other equivalent means to prevent rolling. The means of preventing rolling must not be capable of becoming unintentionally unfastened or loose while the vehicle is in transit. (2) Articles or cargo placed beside each other and secured by transverse tiedowns must either: (i) Be placed in direct contact with each other, or (ii) Be prevented from shifting towards each other while in transit. (d) Aggregate working load limit for tiedowns. The aggregate working load limit of tiedowns used to secure an article or group of articles against movement must be at least one-half times the weight of the article or group of articles. The aggregate working load limit is the sum of: (1) One-half the working load limit of each tiedown that goes from an anchor point on the vehicle to an anchor point on an article of cargo; (2) One-half the working load limit of each tiedown that is attached to an anchor point on the vehicle, passes through, over, or around the article of cargo, and is then attached to an anchor point on the same side of … | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.5 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.108 Determining the working load limit of a tiedown or the load restraining value of a friction mat. | FHWA | (a) The working load limit (WLL) of a tiedown, associated connector or attachment mechanism is the lowest working load limit of any of its components (including tensioner), or the working load limit of the anchor points to which it is attached, whichever is less. (b) The working load limits of tiedowns may be determined by using either the tiedown manufacturer's markings or by using the tables in this section. The working load limits listed in the tables are to be used when the tiedown material is not marked by the manufacturer with the working load limit. Tiedown materials which are marked by the manufacturer with working load limits that differ from the tables, shall be considered to have a working load limit equal to the value for which they are marked. (c) Synthetic cordage ( e.g., nylon, polypropylene, polyester) which is not marked or labeled to enable identification of its composition or working load limit shall be considered to have a working load limit equal to that for polypropylene fiber rope. (d) Welded steel chain which is not marked or labeled to enable identification of its grade or working load limit shall be considered to have a working load limit equal to that for grade 30 proof coil chain. (e)(1) Wire rope which is not marked by the manufacturer with a working load limit shall be considered to have a working load limit equal to one-fourth of the nominal strength listed in the Wire Rope Users Manual. (2) Wire which is not marked or labeled to enable identification of its construction type shall be considered to have a working load limit equal to that for 6 × 37, fiber core wire rope. (f) Manila rope which is not marked by the manufacturer with a working load limit shall be considered to have a working load limit based on its diameter as provided in the tables of working load limits. (g) Friction mats which are not marked or rated by the manufacturer shall be considered to provide resistance to horizontal movement equal to 50 percent of the weight placed on the mat. Tables to § 393.108 … | ||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.6 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.110 Additional requirements for determining the minimum number of tiedowns. | FHWA | [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35833, June 22, 2006] | (a) When tiedowns are used as part of a cargo securement system, the minimum number of tiedowns required to secure an article or group of articles against movement depends on the length of the article(s) being secured, and the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. These requirements are in addition to the rules under § 393.106. (b) When an article is not blocked or positioned to prevent movement in the forward direction by a headerboard, bulkhead, other cargo that is positioned to prevent movement, or other appropriate blocking devices, it must be secured by at least: (1) One tiedown for articles 5 feet (1.52 meters) or less in length, and 1,100 pounds (500 kg) or less in weight; (2) Two tiedowns if the article is: (i) 5 feet (1.52 meters) or less in length and more than 1,100 pounds (500 kg) in weight; or (ii) Longer than 5 feet (1.52 meters) but less than or equal to 10 feet (3.04 meters) in length, irrespective of the weight. (3) Two tiedowns if the article is longer than 10 feet (3.04 meters), and one additional tiedown for every 10 feet (3.04 meters) of article length, or fraction thereof, beyond the first 10 feet (3.04 meters) of length. (c) If an individual article is blocked, braced, or immobilized to prevent movement in the forward direction by a headerboard, bulkhead, other articles which are adequately secured or by an appropriate blocking or immobilization method, it must be secured by at least one tiedown for every 3.04 meters (10 feet) of article length, or fraction thereof. (d) Special rule for special purpose vehicles. The rules in this section do not apply to a vehicle transporting one or more articles of cargo such as, but not limited to, machinery or fabricated structural items (e.g., steel or concrete beams, crane booms, girders, and trusses, etc.) which, because of their design, size, shape, or weight, must be fastened by special methods. However, any article of cargo carried on that vehicle must be securely and adequately fastened to the vehicle. | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.7 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.112 Adjustability of tiedowns. | FHWA | Each tiedown, or its associated connectors, or its attachment mechanisms must be designed, constructed, and maintained so the driver of an in-transit commercial motor vehicle can tighten them. However, this requirement does not apply to the use of steel strapping. | ||||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.8 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.114 Requirements for front end structures used as part of a cargo securement system. | FHWA | [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35833, June 22, 2006] | (a) Applicability. The rules in this section are applicable to commercial motor vehicles transporting articles of cargo that are in contact with the front end structure of the vehicle. The front end structure on these cargo-carrying vehicles must meet the performance requirements of this section. (b) Height and width. (1) The front end structure must extend either to a height of 4 feet above the floor of the vehicle or to a height at which it blocks forward movement of any item or article of cargo being carried on the vehicle, whichever is lower. (2) The front end structure must have a width which is at least equal to the width of the vehicle or which blocks forward movement of any article of cargo being transported on the vehicle, whichever is narrower. (c) Strength. The front end structure must be capable of withstanding the following horizontal forward static load: (1) For a front end structure less than 6 feet in height, a horizontal forward static load equal to one-half (0.5) of the weight of the articles of cargo being transported on the vehicle uniformly distributed over the entire portion of the front end structure that is within 4 feet above the vehicle's floor or that is at or below a height above the vehicle's floor at which it blocks forward movement of any article of the vehicle's cargo, whichever is less; or (2) For a front end structure 6 feet in height or higher, a horizontal forward static load equal to four-tenths (0.4) of the weight of the articles of cargo being transported on the vehicle uniformly distributed over the entire front end structure. (d) Penetration resistance. The front end structure must be designed, constructed, and maintained so that it is capable of resisting penetration by any article of cargo that contacts it when the vehicle decelerates at a rate of 20 feet per second, per second. The front end structure must have no aperture large enough to permit any article of cargo in contact with the structure to pass through it. (e) Substitute devices. The requiremen… | |||
| 49:49:5.1.1.2.35.9.16.9 | 49 | Transportation | III | B | 393 | PART 393—PARTS AND ACCESSORIES NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION | I | Subpart I—Protection Against Shifting and Falling Cargo | § 393.116 Specific securement requirements for logs. | FHWA | [67 FR 61225, Sept. 27, 2002, as amended at 71 FR 35833, June 22, 2006] | (a) Applicability. The rules in this section are applicable to the transportation of logs with the following exceptions: (1) Logs that are unitized by banding or other comparable means may be transported in accordance with the general cargo securement rules of §§ 393.100 through 393.114. (2) Loads that consist of no more than four processed logs may be transported in accordance with the general cargo securement rules of §§ 393.100 through 393.114. (3) Firewood, stumps, log debris and other such short logs must be transported in a vehicle or container enclosed on both sides, front, and rear and of adequate strength to contain them. Longer logs may also be so loaded. (b) Components of a securement system. (1) Logs must be transported on a vehicle designed and built, or adapted, for the transportation of logs. Any such vehicle must be fitted with bunks, bolsters, stakes or standards, or other equivalent means, that cradle the logs and prevent them from rolling. (2) All vehicle components involved in securement of logs must be designed and built to withstand all anticipated operational forces without failure, accidental release or permanent deformation. Stakes or standards that are not permanently attached to the vehicle must be secured in a manner that prevents unintentional separation from the vehicle in transit. (3) Tiedowns must be used in combination with the stabilization provided by bunks, stakes, and bolsters to secure the load unless the logs: (i) are transported in a crib-type log trailer (as defined in 49 CFR 393.5), and (ii) are loaded in compliance with paragraphs (b)(2) and (c) of this section. (4) The aggregate working load limit for tiedowns used to secure a stack of logs on a frame vehicle, or a flatbed vehicle equipped with bunks, bolsters, or stakes must be at least one-sixth the weight of the stack of logs. (c) Use of securement system. (1) Logs must be solidly packed, and the outer bottom logs must be in contact with and resting solidly against the bunks, bolsters, stakes or stand… |
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CREATE TABLE cfr_sections (
section_id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
title_number INTEGER,
title_name TEXT,
chapter TEXT,
subchapter TEXT,
part_number TEXT,
part_name TEXT,
subpart TEXT,
subpart_name TEXT,
section_number TEXT,
section_heading TEXT,
agency TEXT,
authority TEXT,
source_citation TEXT,
amendment_citations TEXT,
full_text TEXT
);
CREATE INDEX idx_cfr_title ON cfr_sections(title_number);
CREATE INDEX idx_cfr_part ON cfr_sections(part_number);
CREATE INDEX idx_cfr_agency ON cfr_sections(agency);