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174 rows where part_number = 1065 and title_number = 40 sorted by section_id
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| section_id ▼ | title_number | title_name | chapter | subchapter | part_number | part_name | subpart | subpart_name | section_number | section_heading | agency | authority | source_citation | amendment_citations | full_text |
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| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.1.19.1 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | A | Subpart A—Applicability and General Provisions | § 1065.1 Applicability. | EPA | [73 FR 37288, June 30, 2008, as amended at 73 FR 59321, Oct. 8, 2008; 75 FR 23028, Apr. 30, 2010; 76 FR 37977, June 28, 2011; 76 FR 57437, Sept. 15, 2011; 79 FR 23752, Apr. 28, 2014; 86 FR 34533, June 29, 2021; 88 FR 4669, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) This part describes the procedures that apply to testing we require for the following engines or for vehicles using the following engines: (1) Locomotives we regulate under 40 CFR part 1033. (2) Heavy-duty highway engines we regulate under 40 CFR parts 86 and 1036. (3) Nonroad compression-ignition engines we regulate under 40 CFR part 1039 and stationary diesel engines that are certified to the standards in 40 CFR part 1039 as specified in 40 CFR part 60, subpart IIII. (4) Marine compression-ignition engines we regulate under 40 CFR part 1042. (5) Marine spark-ignition engines we regulate under 40 CFR part 1045. (6) Large nonroad spark-ignition engines we regulate under 40 CFR part 1048, and stationary engines that are certified to the standards in 40 CFR part 1048 or as otherwise specified in 40 CFR part 60, subpart JJJJ. (7) Vehicles we regulate under 40 CFR part 1051 (such as snowmobiles and off-highway motorcycles) based on engine testing. See 40 CFR part 1051, subpart F, for standards and procedures that are based on vehicle testing. (8) Small nonroad spark-ignition engines we regulate under 40 CFR part 1054 and stationary engines that are certified to the standards in 40 CFR part 1054 as specified in 40 CFR part 60, subpart JJJJ. (b) The procedures of this part may apply to other types of engines, as described in this part and in the standard-setting part. (c) The term “you” means anyone performing testing under this part other than EPA. (1) This part is addressed primarily to manufacturers of engines, vehicles, equipment, and vessels, but it applies equally to anyone who does testing under this part for such manufacturers. (2) This part applies to any manufacturer or supplier of test equipment, instruments, supplies, or any other goods or services related to the procedures, requirements, recommendations, or options in this part. (d) Paragraph (a) of this section identifies the parts of the CFR that define emission standards and other requirements for particular types of engines. In this pa… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.1.19.2 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | A | Subpart A—Applicability and General Provisions | § 1065.2 Submitting information to EPA under this part. | EPA | [73 FR 37289, June 30, 2008, as amended at 75 FR 23028, Apr. 30, 2010; 79 FR 23752, Apr. 28, 2014; 86 FR 34533, June 29, 2021] | (a) You are responsible for statements and information in your applications for certification, requests for approved procedures, selective enforcement audits, laboratory audits, production-line test reports, field test reports, or any other statements you make to us related to this part 1065. If you provide statements or information to someone for submission to EPA, you are responsible for these statements and information as if you had submitted them to EPA yourself. (b) In the standard-setting part and in 40 CFR 1068.101, we describe your obligation to report truthful and complete information and the consequences of failing to meet this obligation. See also 18 U.S.C. 1001 and 42 U.S.C. 7413(c)(2). This obligation applies whether you submit this information directly to EPA or through someone else. (c) We may void any certificates or approvals associated with a submission of information if we find that you intentionally submitted false, incomplete, or misleading information. For example, if we find that you intentionally submitted incomplete information to mislead EPA when requesting approval to use alternate test procedures, we may void the certificates for all engine families certified based on emission data collected using the alternate procedures. This paragraph (c) would also apply if you ignore data from incomplete tests or from repeat tests with higher emission results. (d) We may require an authorized representative of your company to approve and sign the submission, and to certify that all the information submitted is accurate and complete. This includes everyone who submits information, including manufacturers and others. (e) See 40 CFR 1068.10 for provisions related to confidential information. Note however that under 40 CFR 2.301, emission data are generally not eligible for confidential treatment. (f) Nothing in this part should be interpreted to limit our ability under Clean Air Act section 208 (42 U.S.C. 7542) to verify that engines conform to the regulations. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.1.19.3 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | A | Subpart A—Applicability and General Provisions | § 1065.5 Overview of this part 1065 and its relationship to the standard-setting part. | EPA | [73 FR 37289, June 30, 2008, as amended at 74 FR 56511, Oct. 30, 2009; 88 FR 4669, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) This part specifies procedures that apply generally to measuring brake-specific emissions from various categories of engines. See subpart L of this part for measurement procedures for testing related to standards other than brake-specific emission standards. See the standard-setting part for directions in applying specific provisions in this part for a particular type of engine. Before using this part's procedures, read the standard-setting part to answer at least the following questions: (1) What duty cycles must I use for laboratory testing? (2) Should I warm up the test engine before measuring emissions, or do I need to measure cold-start emissions during a warm-up segment of the duty cycle? (3) Which exhaust constituents do I need to measure? Measure all exhaust constituents that are subject to emission standards, any other exhaust constituents needed for calculating emission rates, and any additional exhaust constituents as specified in the standard-setting part. Alternatively, you may omit the measurement of N 2 O and CH 4 for an engine, provided it is not subject to an N 2 O or CH 4 emission standard. If you omit the measurement of N 2 O and CH 4 , you must provide other information and/or data that will give us a reasonable basis for estimating the engine's emission rates. (4) Do any unique specifications apply for test fuels? (5) What maintenance steps may I take before or between tests on an emission-data engine? (6) Do any unique requirements apply to stabilizing emission levels on a new engine? (7) Do any unique requirements apply to test limits, such as ambient temperatures or pressures? (8) Is field testing required or allowed, and are there different emission standards or procedures that apply to field testing? (9) Are there any emission standards specified at particular engine-operating conditions or ambient conditions? (10) Do any unique requirements apply for durability testing? (b) The testing specifications in the standard-setting part may differ from the specifications in thi… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.1.19.4 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | A | Subpart A—Applicability and General Provisions | § 1065.10 Other procedures. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37290, June 30, 2008; 75 FR 23028, Apr. 30, 2010; 79 FR 23752, Apr. 28, 2014; 80 FR 9118, Feb. 19, 2015; 81 FR 74162, Oct. 25, 2016; 88 FR 4670, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Your testing. The procedures in this part apply for all testing you do to show compliance with emission standards, with certain exceptions noted in this section. In some other sections in this part, we allow you to use other procedures (such as less precise or less accurate procedures) if they do not affect your ability to show that your engines comply with the applicable emission standards. This generally requires emission levels to be far enough below the applicable emission standards so that any errors caused by greater imprecision or inaccuracy do not affect your ability to state unconditionally that the engines meet all applicable emission standards. (b) Our testing. These procedures generally apply for testing that we do to determine if your engines comply with applicable emission standards. We may perform other testing as allowed by the Act. (c) Exceptions. We may allow or require you to use procedures other than those specified in this part in the following cases, which may apply to laboratory testing, field testing, or both. We intend to publicly announce when we allow or require such exceptions. All of the test procedures noted here as exceptions to the specified procedures are considered generically as “other procedures.” Note that the terms “special procedures” and “alternate procedures” have specific meanings; “special procedures” are those allowed by § 1065.10(c)(2) and “alternate procedures” are those allowed by § 1065.10(c)(7). (1) The objective of the procedures in this part is to produce emission measurements equivalent to those that would result from measuring emissions during in-use operation using the same engine configuration as installed in a vehicle, equipment, or vessel. However, in unusual circumstances where these procedures may result in measurements that do not represent in-use operation, you must notify us if good engineering judgment indicates that the specified procedures cause unrepresentative emission measurements for your engines. Note that you need not notify us of… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.1.19.5 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | A | Subpart A—Applicability and General Provisions | § 1065.12 Approval of alternate procedures. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37290, June 30, 2008; 79 FR 23752, Apr. 28, 2014; 88 FR 4670, Jan. 24, 2023; 89 FR 29794, Apr. 22, 2024] | (a) To get approval for an alternate procedure under § 1065.10(c), send the EPA Program Officer an initial written request describing the alternate procedure and why you believe it is equivalent to the specified procedure. Anyone may request alternate procedure approval. This means that an individual engine manufacturer may request to use an alternate procedure. This also means that an instrument manufacturer may request to have an instrument, equipment, or procedure approved as an alternate procedure to those specified in this part. We may approve your request based on this information alone, whether or not it includes all the information specified in this section. Where we determine that your original submission does not include enough information for us to determine that the alternate procedure is equivalent to the specified procedure, we may ask you to submit supplemental information showing that your alternate procedure is consistently and reliably at least as accurate and repeatable as the specified procedure. (b) We may make our approval under this section conditional upon meeting other requirements or specifications. We may limit our approval, for example, to certain time frames, specific duty cycles, or specific emission standards. Based upon any supplemental information we receive after our initial approval, we may amend a previously approved alternate procedure to extend, limit, or discontinue its use. We intend to publicly announce alternate procedures that we approve. (c) Although we will make every effort to approve only alternate procedures that completely meet our requirements, we may revoke our approval of an alternate procedure if new information shows that it is significantly not equivalent to the specified procedure. If we do this, we will grant time to switch to testing using an allowed procedure, considering the following factors: (1) The cost, difficulty, and availability to switch to a procedure that we allow. (2) The degree to which the alternate procedure affects your ability to sho… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.1.19.6 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | A | Subpart A—Applicability and General Provisions | § 1065.15 Overview of procedures for laboratory and field testing. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37290, June 30, 2008; 75 FR 23028, Apr. 30, 2010; 76 FR 57437, Sept. 15, 2011; 79 FR 23753, Apr. 28, 2014; 81 FR 74162, Oct. 25, 2016] | This section outlines the procedures to test engines that are subject to emission standards. (a) In the standard-setting part, we set brake-specific emission standards in g/(kW · hr) (or g/(hp · hr)), for the following constituents: (1) Total oxides of nitrogen, NO X . (2) Hydrocarbon, HC, which may be expressed in the following ways: (i) Total hydrocarbon, THC. (ii) Nonmethane hydrocarbon, NMHC, which results from subtracting methane, CH 4 , from THC. (iii) Nonmethane-nonethane hydrocarbon, NMNEHC, which results from subtracting methane, CH 4 , and ethane, C 2 H 6 , from THC. (iv) Total hydrocarbon-equivalent, THCE, which results from adjusting THC mathematically to be equivalent on a carbon-mass basis. (v) Nonmethane hydrocarbon-equivalent, NMHCE, which results from adjusting NMHC mathematically to be equivalent on a carbon-mass basis. (3) Particulate matter, PM. (4) Carbon monoxide, CO. (5) Carbon dioxide, CO 2 . (6) Methane, CH 4 . (7) Nitrous oxide, N 2 O. (b) Note that some engines are not subject to standards for all the emission constituents identified in paragraph (a) of this section. Note also that the standard-setting part may include standards for pollutants not listed in paragraph (a) of this section. (c) We generally set brake-specific emission standards over test intervals and/or duty cycles, as follows: (1) Engine operation. Testing may involve measuring emissions and work in a laboratory-type environment or in the field, as described in paragraph (f) of this section. For most laboratory testing, the engine is operated over one or more duty cycles specified in the standard-setting part. However, laboratory testing may also include non-duty cycle testing (such as simulation of field testing in a laboratory). For field testing, the engine is operated under normal in-use operation. The standard-setting part specifies how test intervals are defined for field testing. Refer to the definitions of “duty cycle” and “test interval” in § 1065.1001. Note that a single duty cycle may have mu… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.1.19.7 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | A | Subpart A—Applicability and General Provisions | § 1065.20 Units of measure and overview of calculations. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37292, June 30, 2008; 76 FR 57438, Sept. 15, 2011; 79 FR 23753, Apr. 28, 2014] | (a) System of units. The procedures in this part generally follow the International System of Units (SI), as detailed in NIST Special Publication 811, which we incorporate by reference in § 1065.1010. The following exceptions apply: (1) We designate angular speed, f n , of an engine's crankshaft in revolutions per minute (r/min), rather than the SI unit of radians per second (rad/s). This is based on the commonplace use of r/min in many engine dynamometer laboratories. (2) We designate brake-specific emissions in grams per kilowatt-hour (g/(kW · hr)), rather than the SI unit of grams per megajoule (g/MJ). In addition, we use the symbol hr to identify hour, rather than the SI convention of using h. This is based on the fact that engines are generally subject to emission standards expressed in g/kW · hr. If we specify engine standards in grams per horsepower · hour (g/(hp · hr)) in the standard-setting part, convert units as specified in paragraph (d) of this section. (3) We generally designate temperatures in units of degrees Celsius ( °C) unless a calculation requires an absolute temperature. In that case, we designate temperatures in units of Kelvin (K). For conversion purposes throughout this part, 0 °C equals 273.15 K. Unless specified otherwise, always use absolute temperature values for multiplying or dividing by temperature. (b) Concentrations. This part does not rely on amounts expressed in parts per million. Rather, we express such amounts in the following SI units: (1) For ideal gases, µmol/mol, formerly ppm (volume). (2) For all substances, cm 3 /m 3 , formerly ppm (volume). (3) For all substances, mg/kg, formerly ppm (mass). (c) Absolute pressure. Measure absolute pressure directly or calculate it as the sum of atmospheric pressure plus a differential pressure that is referenced to atmospheric pressure. Always use absolute pressure values for multiplying or dividing by pressure. (d) Units conversion. Use the following conventions to convert units: (1) Testing. You may record valu… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.1.19.8 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | A | Subpart A—Applicability and General Provisions | § 1065.25 Recordkeeping. | EPA | [79 FR 23753, Apr. 28, 2014] | (a) The procedures in this part include various requirements to record data or other information. Refer to the standard-setting part and § 1065.695 regarding specific recordkeeping requirements. (b) You must promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. We may review them at any time. (c) We may waive specific reporting or recordkeeping requirements we determine to be unnecessary for the purposes of this part and the standard-setting part. Note that while we will generally keep the records required by this part, we are not obligated to keep records we determine to be unnecessary for us to keep. For example, while we require you to keep records for invalid tests so that we may verify that your invalidation was appropriate, it is not necessary for us to keep records for our own invalid tests. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.10.34.1 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | J | Subpart J—Field Testing and Portable Emission Measurement Systems | § 1065.901 Applicability. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37344, June 30, 2008; 88 FR 4687, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Field testing. This subpart specifies procedures for field-testing engines to determine brake-specific emissions and mass rate emissions using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). These procedures are designed primarily for in-field measurements of engines that remain installed in vehicles or equipment the field. Field-test procedures apply to your engines only as specified in the standard-setting part. (b) Laboratory testing. You may use PEMS for any testing in a laboratory or similar environment without restriction or prior approval if the PEMS meets all applicable specifications for laboratory testing. You may also use PEMS for any testing in a laboratory or similar environment if we approve it in advance, subject to the following provisions: (1) Follow the laboratory test procedures specified in this part 1065, according to § 1065.905(e). (2) Do not apply any PEMS-related field-testing adjustments or measurement allowances to laboratory emission results or standards. (3) Do not use PEMS for laboratory measurements if it prevents you from demonstrating compliance with the applicable standards in this chapter. Some of the PEMS requirements in this part 1065 are less stringent than the corresponding laboratory requirements. Depending on actual PEMS performance, you might therefore need to account for some additional measurement uncertainty when using PEMS for laboratory testing. If we ask, you must show us by engineering analysis that any additional measurement uncertainty due to your use of PEMS for laboratory testing is offset by the extent to which your engine's emissions are below the applicable standards in this chapter. For example, you might show that PEMS versus laboratory uncertainty represents 5% of the standard, but your engine's deteriorated emissions are at least 20% below the standard for each pollutant. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.10.34.2 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | J | Subpart J—Field Testing and Portable Emission Measurement Systems | § 1065.905 General provisions. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37344, June 30, 2008; 75 FR 68465, Nov. 8, 2010; 79 FR 23813, Apr. 28, 2014; 86 FR 34574, June 29, 2021] | (a) General. Unless the standard-setting part specifies deviations from the provisions of this subpart, field testing and laboratory testing with PEMS must conform to the provisions of this subpart. Use good engineering judgment when testing with PEMS to ensure proper function of the instruments under test conditions. For example, this may require additional maintenance or calibration for field testing or may require verification after moving the PEMS unit. (b) Field-testing scope. Field testing conducted under this subpart may include any normal in-use operation of an engine. (c) Field testing and the standard-setting part. This subpart J specifies procedures for field-testing various categories of engines. See the standard-setting part for specific provisions for a particular type of engine. Before using this subpart's procedures for field testing, read the standard-setting part to answer at least the following questions: (1) How many engines must I test in the field? (2) How many times must I repeat a field test on an individual engine? (3) How do I select vehicles for field testing? (4) What maintenance steps may I take before or between tests? (5) What data are needed for a single field test on an individual engine? (6) What are the limits on ambient conditions for field testing? Note that the ambient condition limits in § 1065.520 do not apply for field testing. Field testing may occur at any ambient temperature, pressure, and humidity unless otherwise specified in the standard-setting part. (7) Which exhaust constituents do I need to measure? (8) How do I account for crankcase emissions? (9) Which engine and ambient parameters do I need to measure? (10) How do I process the data recorded during field testing to determine if my engine meets field-testing standards? How do I determine individual test intervals? Note that “test interval” is defined in subpart K of this part 1065. (11) Should I warm up the test engine before measuring emissions, or do I need to measure cold-start emissions d… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.10.34.3 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | J | Subpart J—Field Testing and Portable Emission Measurement Systems | § 1065.910 PEMS auxiliary equipment for field testing. | EPA | [73 FR 37344, June 30, 2008, as amended at 75 FR 23058, Apr. 30, 2010; 86 FR 34575, June 29, 2021; 88 FR 4688, Jan. 24, 2023] | For field testing you may use various types of auxiliary equipment to attach PEMS to a vehicle or engine and to power PEMS. (a) When you use PEMS, you may route engine intake air or exhaust through a flow meter. Route the engine intake air or exhaust as follows: (1) Flexible connections. Use short flexible connectors where necessary. (i) You may use flexible connectors to enlarge or reduce the pipe diameters to match that of your test equipment. (ii) We recommend that you use flexible connectors that do not exceed a length of three times their largest inside diameter. (iii) We recommend that you use four-ply silicone-fiberglass fabric with a temperature rating of at least 315 °C for flexible connectors. You may use connectors with a spring-steel wire helix for support and you may use Nomex TM coverings or linings for durability. You may also use any other nonreactive material with equivalent permeation-resistance and durability, as long as it seals tightly. (iv) Use stainless-steel hose clamps to seal flexible connectors, or use clamps that seal equivalently. (v) You may use additional flexible connectors to connect to flow meters. (2) Tubing . We recommend using rigid 300 series stainless steel tubing to connect between flexible connectors. Tubing may be straight or bent to accommodate vehicle geometry. You may use “T” or “Y” fittings to join multiple connections, or you may cap or plug redundant flow paths if the engine manufacturer recommends it. (3) Flow restriction. Use flow meters, connectors, and tubing that do not increase flow restriction so much that it exceeds the manufacturer's maximum specified value. You may verify this at the maximum exhaust flow rate by measuring pressure at the manufacturer-specified location with your system connected. You may also perform an engineering analysis to verify an acceptable configuration, taking into account the maximum exhaust flow rate expected, the field test system's flexible connectors, and the tubing's characteristics for pressure drops versus… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.10.34.4 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | J | Subpart J—Field Testing and Portable Emission Measurement Systems | § 1065.915 PEMS instruments. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37344, June 30, 2008; 73 FR 59342, Oct. 8, 2008; 75 FR 68466, Nov. 8, 2010; 76 FR 57467, Sept. 15, 2011; 79 FR 23813, Apr. 28, 2014; 86 FR 34575, June 29, 2021; 88 FR 4688, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Instrument specifications . We recommend that you use PEMS that meet the specifications of subpart C of this part. For unrestricted use of PEMS in a laboratory or similar environment, use a PEMS that meets the same specifications as each lab instrument it replaces. For field testing or for testing with PEMS in a laboratory or similar environment, under the provisions of § 1065.905(b), the specifications in the following table apply instead of the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205: Table 1 of § 1065.915—Recommended Minimum PEMS Measurement Instrument Performance a Accuracy, repeatability, and noise are all determined with the same collected data, as described in § 1065.305, and based on absolute values. “pt.” refers to the overall flow-weighted mean value expected at the standard; “max.” refers to the peak value expected at the standard over any test interval, not the maximum of the instrument's range; “meas” refers to the actual flow-weighted mean measured over any test interval. (b) Redundant measurements. For all PEMS described in this subpart, you may use data from multiple instruments to calculate test results for a single test. If you use redundant systems, use good engineering judgment to use multiple measured values in calculations or to disregard individual measurements. Note that you must keep your results from all measurements, as described in § 1065.25. This requirement applies whether or not you actually use the measurements in your calculations. (c) Field-testing ambient effects on PEMS. We recommend that you use PEMS that are only minimally affected by ambient conditions such as temperature, pressure, humidity, physical orientation, mechanical shock and vibration, electromagnetic radiation, and ambient hydrocarbons. Follow the PEMS manufacturer's instructions for proper installation to isolate PEMS from ambient conditions that affect their performance. If a PEMS is inherently affected by ambient conditions that you cannot control, you may monitor those conditions and adjust the P… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.10.34.5 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | J | Subpart J—Field Testing and Portable Emission Measurement Systems | § 1065.920 PEMS calibrations and verifications. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37345, June 30, 2008; 75 FR 68467, Nov. 8, 2010; 79 FR 23814, Apr. 28, 2014; 88 FR 4688, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Subsystem calibrations and verifications. Use all the applicable calibrations and verifications in subpart D of this part, including the linearity verifications in § 1065.307, to calibrate and verify PEMS. Note that a PEMS does not have to meet the system-response and updating-recording verifications of § 1065.308 and § 1065.309 if it meets the overall verification described in paragraph (b) of this section or if it measures PM using any method other than that described in § 1065.170(c)(1). This section does not apply to ECM signals. Note that because the regulations of this part require you to use good engineering judgment, it may be necessary to perform additional verifications and analysis. It may also be necessary to limit the range of conditions under which the PEMS can be used or to include specific additional maintenance to ensure that it functions properly under the test conditions. As provided in 40 CFR 1068.5, we will deem your system to not meet the requirements of this section if we determine that you did not use good engineering judgment to verify the measurement equipment. We may also deem your system to meet these requirements only under certain test conditions. If we ask for it, you must send us a summary of your verifications. We may also ask you to provide additional information or analysis to support your conclusions. (b) Overall verification. This paragraph (b) specifies methods and criteria for verifying the overall performance of systems not fully compliant with requirements that apply for laboratory testing. Maintain records to show that the particular make, model, and configuration of your PEMS meets this verification. You may rely on data and other information from the PEMS manufacturer. However, we recommend that you generate your own records to show that your specific PEMS meets this verification. If you upgrade or change the configuration of your PEMS, your record must show that your new configuration meets this verification. The verification required by this section consists … | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.10.34.6 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | J | Subpart J—Field Testing and Portable Emission Measurement Systems | § 1065.925 PEMS preparation for field testing. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37345, June 30, 2008; 73 FR 59342, Oct. 8, 2008; 75 FR 68467, Nov. 8, 2010; 76 FR 57467, Sept. 15, 2011] | Take the following steps to prepare PEMS for field testing: (a) Verify that ambient conditions at the start of the test are within the limits specified in the standard-setting part. Continue to monitor these values to determine if ambient conditions exceed the limits during the test. (b) Install a PEMS and any accessories needed to conduct a field test. (c) Power the PEMS and allow pressures, temperatures, and flows to stabilize to their operating set points. (d) Bypass or purge any gaseous sampling PEMS instruments with ambient air until sampling begins to prevent system contamination from excessive cold-start emissions. (e) Conduct calibrations and verifications. (f) Operate any PEMS dilution systems at their expected flow rates using a bypass. (g) If you use a gravimetric balance to determine whether an engine meets an applicable PM standard, follow the procedures for PM sample preconditioning and tare weighing as described in § 1065.590. Operate the PM-sampling system at its expected flow rates using a bypass. (h) Verify the amount of contamination in the PEMS HC sampling system before the start of the field test as follows: (1) Select the HC analyzer range for measuring the maximum concentration expected at the HC standard. (2) Zero the HC analyzers using a zero gas or ambient air introduced at the analyzer port. When zeroing a FID, use the FID's burner air that would be used for in-use measurements (generally either ambient air or a portable source of burner air). (3) Span the HC analyzer using span gas introduced at the analyzer port. (4) Overflow zero or ambient air at the HC probe inlet or into a tee near the probe outlet. (5) Measure the HC concentration in the sampling system: (i) For continuous sampling, record the mean HC concentration as overflow zero air flows. (ii) For batch sampling, fill the sample medium and record its mean concentration. (6) Record this value as the initial HC concentration, x THCinit , and use it to correct measured values as described in § 1065.660. (7) If … | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.10.34.7 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | J | Subpart J—Field Testing and Portable Emission Measurement Systems | § 1065.930 Engine starting, restarting, and shutdown. | EPA | Unless the standard-setting part specifies otherwise, start, restart, and shut down the test engine for field testing as follows: (a) Start or restart the engine as described in the owners manual. (b) If the engine does not start after 15 seconds of cranking, stop cranking and determine the reason it failed to start. However, you may crank the engine longer than 15 seconds, as long as the owners manual or the service-repair manual describes the longer cranking time as normal. (c) Respond to engine stalling with the following steps: (1) If the engine stalls during a required warm-up before emission sampling begins, restart the engine and continue warm-up. (2) If the engine stalls at any other time after emission sampling begins, restart the engine and continue testing. (d) Shut down and restart the engine according to the manufacturer's specifications, as needed during normal operation in-use, but continue emission sampling until the field test is complete. | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.10.34.8 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | J | Subpart J—Field Testing and Portable Emission Measurement Systems | § 1065.935 Emission test sequence for field testing. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37345, June 30, 2008; 88 FR 4688, Jan. 24, 2023; 89 FR 29826, Apr. 22, 2024] | (a) Time the start of field testing as follows: (1) If the standard-setting part requires only hot-stabilized emission measurements, operate the engine in-use until the engine coolant, block, or head absolute temperature is within ±10% of its mean value for the previous 2 min or until an engine thermostat controls engine temperature with coolant or air flow. (2) If the standard-setting part requires hot-start emission measurements, shut down the engine after at least 2 min at the temperature tolerance specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. Start the field test within 20 min of engine shutdown. (3) If the standard-setting part requires cold-start emission measurements, proceed to the steps specified in paragraph (b) of this section. (b) Take the following steps before emission sampling begins: (1) For batch sampling, connect clean storage media, such as evacuated bags or tare-weighed PM sample media. (2) Operate the PEMS according to the instrument manufacturer's instructions and using good engineering judgment. (3) Operate PEMS heaters, dilution systems, sample pumps, cooling fans, and the data-collection system. (4) Pre-heat or pre-cool PEMS heat exchangers in the sampling system to within their tolerances for operating temperatures. (5) Allow all other PEMS components such as sample lines, filters, and pumps to stabilize at operating temperature. (6) Verify that no significant vacuum-side leak exists in the PEMS, as described in § 1065.345. (7) Adjust PEMS flow rates to desired levels, using bypass flow if applicable. (8) Zero and span all PEMS gas analyzers using NIST-traceable gases that meet the specifications of § 1065.750. (c) Start testing as follows: (1) Before the start of the first test interval, zero or re-zero any PEMS electronic integrating devices, as needed. (2) If the engine is already running and warmed up and starting is not part of field testing, start the field test by simultaneously starting to sample exhaust, record engine and ambient data, and integrate measured valu… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.10.34.9 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | J | Subpart J—Field Testing and Portable Emission Measurement Systems | § 1065.940 Emission calculations. | EPA | [75 FR 68467, Nov. 8, 2010] | (a) Perform emission calculations as described in § 1065.650 to calculate brake-specific emissions for each test interval using any applicable information and instructions in the standard-setting part. (b) You may use a fixed molar mass for the diluted exhaust mixture for field testing. Determine this fixed value by engineering analysis. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.11.34.1 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | K | Subpart K—Definitions and Other Reference Information | § 1065.1001 Definitions. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37346, June 30, 2008; 73 FR 59342, Oct. 8, 2008; 74 FR 8428, Feb. 24, 2009; 74 FR 56518, Oct. 30, 2009; 75 FR 23058, Apr. 30, 2010; 76 FR 57467, Sept. 15, 2011; 79 FR 23814, Apr. 28, 2014; 81 FR 74191, Oct. 25, 2016; 86 FR 34575, June 29, 2021; 88 FR 4689, Jan. 24, 2023; 89 FR 29826, Apr. 22, 2024] | The definitions in this section apply to this part. The definitions apply to all subparts unless we note otherwise. All undefined terms have the meaning the Act gives them. The definitions follow: 300 series stainless steel means any stainless steel alloy with a Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys number designated from S30100 to S39000. For all instances in this part where we specify 300 series stainless steel, such parts must also have a smooth inner-wall construction. We recommend an average roughness, R a , no greater than 4 µm. Accuracy means the absolute difference between a reference quantity and the arithmetic mean of ten mean measurements of that quantity. Determine instrument accuracy, repeatability, and noise from the same data set. We specify a procedure for determining accuracy in § 1065.305. Act means the Clean Air Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q. Adjustable parameter means any device, system, or element of design that someone can adjust (including those which are difficult to access) and that, if adjusted, may affect emissions or engine performance during emission testing or normal in-use operation. This includes, but is not limited to, parameters related to injection timing and fueling rate. In some cases, this may exclude a parameter that is difficult to access if it cannot be adjusted to affect emissions without significantly degrading engine performance, or if it will not be adjusted in a way that affects emissions during in-use operation. Aerodynamic diameter means the diameter of a spherical water droplet that settles at the same constant velocity as the particle being sampled. Aftertreatment means relating to a catalytic converter, particulate filter, or any other system, component, or technology mounted downstream of the exhaust valve (or exhaust port) whose design function is to decrease emissions in the engine exhaust before it is exhausted to the environment. Exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR) and turbochargers are not aftertreatment. Allowed procedures means… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.11.34.2 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | K | Subpart K—Definitions and Other Reference Information | § 1065.1005 Symbols, abbreviations, acronyms, and units of measure. | EPA | [79 FR 23815, Apr. 28, 2014, as amended at 81 FR 74191, Oct. 25, 2016; 86 FR 34575, June 29, 2021; 87 FR 64866, Oct. 26, 2022; 88 FR 4689, Jan. 24, 2023] | The procedures in this part generally follow the International System of Units (SI), as detailed in NIST Special Publication 811, which we incorporate by reference in § 1065.1010. See § 1065.20 for specific provisions related to these conventions. This section summarizes the way we use symbols, units of measure, and other abbreviations. (a) Symbols for quantities. This part uses the following symbols and units of measure for various quantities: Table 1 of § 1065.1005—Symbols for Quantities 1 See paragraph (f)(2) of this section for the values to use for molar masses. Note that in the cases of NO X and HC, the regulations specify effective molar masses based on assumed speciation rather than actual speciation. 2 Note that mole fractions for THC, THCE, NMHC, NMHCE, and NOTHC are expressed on a C 1 -equivalent basis. (b) Symbols for chemical species. This part uses the following symbols for chemical species and exhaust constituents: Table 2 of § 1065.1005—Symbols for Chemical Species and Exhaust Constituents (c) Prefixes. This part uses the following prefixes for units and unit symbols: Table 3 of § 1065.1005—Prefixes (d) Superscripts . This part uses the following superscripts for modifying quantity symbols: Table 4 of § 1065.1005—Superscripts (e) Subscripts . This part uses the following subscripts for modifying quantity symbols: Table 5 of § 1065.1005—Subscripts (f) Constants. (1) This part uses the following constants for the composition of dry air: Table 6 of § 1065.1005—Constants (2) This part uses the following molar masses or effective molar masses of chemical species: Table 7 of § 1065.1005—Molar Masses 1 See paragraph (f)(1) of this section for the composition of dry air. 2 The effective molar masses of THC, THCE, NMHC, NMHCE, and NMNEHC are defined on a C 1 basis and are based on an atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, α, of 1.85 (with β, γ, and δ equal to zero). 3 The effective molar mass of NO X is defined by the molar mass of nitrogen dioxide, NO 2 . (3) This part uses… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.11.34.3 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | K | Subpart K—Definitions and Other Reference Information | § 1065.1010 Incorporation by reference. | EPA | [79 FR 23818, Apr. 28, 2014, as amended at 81 FR 74193, Oct. 25, 2016; 85 FR 78468, Dec. 4, 2020; 86 FR 34579, June 29, 2021; 88 FR 4690, Jan. 24, 2023; 89 FR 29826, Apr. 22, 2024] | Certain material is incorporated by reference into this part with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. To enforce any edition other than that specified in this section, EPA must publish a document in the Federal Register and the material must be available to the public. All approved incorporation by reference (IBR) material is available for inspection at EPA and at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Contact EPA at: U.S. EPA, Air and Radiation Docket Center, WJC West Building, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20004; www.epa.gov/dockets ; (202) 202-1744. For information on inspecting this material at NARA, visit www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html or email fr.inspection@nara.gov . The material may be obtained from the following sources: (a) ASTM material . The following standards are available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, (877) 909-ASTM, or http://www.astm.org: (1) ASTM D86-12, Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure, approved December 1, 2012 (“ASTM D86”), IBR approved for §§ 1065.703(b) and 1065.710(b) and (c). (2) ASTM D93-13, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester, approved July 15, 2013 (“ASTM D93”), IBR approved for § 1065.703(b). (3) ASTM D130-12, Standard Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test, approved November 1, 2012 (“ASTM D130”), IBR approved for § 1065.710(b). (4) ASTM D381-12, Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation, approved April 15, 2012 (“ASTM D381”), IBR approved for § 1065.710(b). (5) ASTM D445-12, Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity), approved April 15, 2012 (“ASTM D445”), IBR approved for § 1065.703(b). (6) ASTM D525-12a, Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.34.1 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1101 Applicability. | EPA | This subpart specifies procedures that may be used to measure emission constituents that are not measured (or not separately measured) by the test procedures in the other subparts of this part. These procedures are included to facilitate consistent measurement of unregulated pollutants for purposes other than compliance with emission standards. Unless otherwise specified in the standard-setting part, use of these procedures is optional and does not replace any requirements in the rest of this part. | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.34.2 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1103 General provisions for SVOC measurement. | EPA | The provisions of §§ 1065.1103 through 1065.1111 specify procedures for measuring semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) along with PM. These sections specify how to collect a sample of the SVOCs during exhaust emission testing, as well as how to use wet chemistry techniques to extract SVOCs from the sample media for analysis. Note that the precise method you use will depend on the category of SVOCs being measured. For example, the method used to measure polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) will differ slightly from the method used to measure dioxins. Follow standard analytic chemistry methods for any aspects of the analysis that are not specified. (a) Laboratory cleanliness is especially important throughout SVOC testing. Thoroughly clean all sampling system components and glassware before testing to avoid sample contamination. For the purposes of this subpart, the sampling system is defined as sample pathway from the sample probe inlet to the downstream most point where the sample is captured (in this case the condensate trap). (b) We recommend that media blanks be analyzed for each batch of sample media (sorbent, filters, etc.) prepared for testing. Blank sorbent modules (i.e., field blanks) should be stored in a sealed environment and should periodically accompany the test sampling system throughout the course of a test, including sampling system and sorbent module disassembly, sample packaging, and storage. Use good engineering judgment to determine the frequency with which you should generate field blanks. The field blank sample should be close to the sampler during testing. (c) We recommend the use of isotope dilution techniques, including the use of isotopically labeled surrogate, internal, alternate, and injection standards. (d) If your target analytes degrade when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, such as nitropolynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAHs), perform these procedures in the dark or with ultraviolet filters installed over the lights. (e) The following definitions and abbreviations appl… | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.34.3 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1105 Sampling system design. | EPA | [79 FR 23820, Apr. 28, 2014, as amended at 81 FR 74195, Oct. 25, 2016] | (a) General. We recommend that you design your SVOC batch sampler to extract sample from undiluted emissions to maximize the sampled SVOC quantity. If you dilute your sample, we recommend using annular dilution. If you dilute your sample, but do not use annular dilution, you must precondition your sampling system to reach equilibrium with respect to loss and re-entrainment of SVOCs to the walls of the sampling system. To the extent practical, adjust sampling times based on the emission rate of target analytes from the engine to obtain analyte concentrations above the detection limit. In some instances you may need to run repeat test cycles without replacing the sample media or disassembling the batch sampler. (b) Sample probe, transfer lines, and sample media holder design and construction. The sampling system should consist of a sample probe, transfer line, PM filter holder, cooling coil, sorbent module, and condensate trap. Construct sample probes, transfer lines, and sample media holders that have inside surfaces of nickel, titanium or another nonreactive material capable of withstanding raw exhaust gas temperatures. Seal all joints in the hot zone of the system with gaskets made of nonreactive material similar to that of the sampling system components. You may use teflon gaskets in the cold zone. We recommend locating all components as close to probes as practical to shorten sampling system length and minimize the surface exposed to engine exhaust. (c) Sample system configuration. This paragraph (c) specifies the components necessary to collect SVOC samples, along with our recommended design parameters. Where you do not follow our recommendations, use good engineering judgment to design your sampling system so it does not result in loss of SVOC during sampling. The sampling system should contain the following components in series in the order listed: (1) Use a sample probe similar to the PM sample probe specified in subpart B of this part. (2) Use a PM filter holder similar to the holder specified i… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.34.4 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1107 Sample media and sample system preparation; sample system assembly. | EPA | [79 FR 23820, Apr. 28, 2014, as amended at 81 FR 74195, Oct. 25, 2016] | This section describes the appropriate types of sample media and the cleaning procedure required to prepare the media and wetted sample surfaces for sampling. (a) Sample media. The sampling system uses two types of sample media in series: The first to simultaneously capture the PM and associated particle phase SVOCs, and a second to capture SVOCs that remain in the gas phase, as follows: (1) For capturing PM, we recommend using pure quartz filters with no binder if you are not analyzing separately for SVOCs in gas and particle phases. If you are analyzing separately, you must use polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters with PTFE support. Select the filter diameter to minimize filter change intervals, accounting for the expected PM emission rate, sample flow rate. Note that when repeating test cycles to increase sample mass, you may replace the filter without replacing the sorbent or otherwise disassembling the batch sampler. In those cases, include all filters in the extraction. (2) For capturing gaseous SVOCs, utilize XAD-2 resin with or without PUF plugs. Note that two PUF plugs are typically used to contain the XAD-2 resin in the sorbent module. (b) Sample media and sampler preparation. Prepare pre-cleaned PM filters and pre-cleaned PUF plugs/XAD-2 as needed. Store sample media in containers protected from light and ambient air if you do not use them immediately after cleaning. Use the following preparation procedure, or an analogous procedure with different solvents and extraction times: (1) Pre-clean the filters via Soxhlet extraction with methylene chloride for 24 hours and dry over dry nitrogen in a low-temperature vacuum oven. (2) Pre-clean PUF and XAD-2 with a series of Soxhlet extractions: 8 hours with water, 22 hours with methanol, 22 hours with methylene chloride, and 22 hours with toluene, followed by drying with nitrogen. (3) Clean sampler components, including the probe, filter holder, condenser, sorbent module, and condensate collection vessel by rinsing three times with methylene chlori… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.34.5 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1109 Post-test sampler disassembly and sample extraction. | EPA | [79 FR 23820, Apr. 28, 2014, as amended at 81 FR 74195, Oct. 25, 2016] | This section describes the process for disassembling and rinsing the sampling system and extracting and cleaning up the sample. (a) Sampling system disassembly. Disassemble the sampling system in a clean environment as follows after the test: (1) Remove the PM filter, PUF plugs, and all the XAD-2 from the sampling system and store them at or below 5 °C until analysis. (2) Rinse sampling system wetted surfaces upstream of the condensate trap with acetone followed by toluene (or a comparable solvent system), ensuring that all the solvent remaining in liquid phase is collected (note that a fraction of the acetone and toluene will likely be lost to evaporation during mixing). Rinse with solvent volumes that are sufficient to cover all the surfaces exposed to the sample during testing. We recommend three fresh solvent rinses with acetone and two with toluene. We recommend rinse volumes of 60 ml per rinse for all sampling system components except the condenser coil, of which you should use 200 ml per rinse. Keep the acetone rinsate separate from the toluene rinsate to the extent practicable. Rinsate fractions should be stored separately in glass bottles that have been pre-rinsed with acetone, hexane, and toluene (or purchase pre-cleaned bottles). (3) Use good engineering judgment to determine if you should analyze the aqueous condensate phase for SVOCs. If you determine that analysis is necessary, use toluene to perform a liquid-liquid extraction of the SVOCs from the collected aqueous condensate using a separatory funnel or an equivalent method. Add the toluene from this aqueous extraction to the toluene rinsate fraction described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. (4) Reduce rinsate solvent volumes as needed using a Kuderna-Danish concentrator or rotary evaporator and retain these rinse solvents for reuse during sample media extraction for the same test. Be careful to avoid loss of low molecular weight analytes when concentrating with rotary evaporation. (b) Sample extraction. Extract the SVOCs from the s… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.34.6 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1111 Sample analysis. | EPA | This subpart does not specify chromatographic or analytical methods to analyze extracts, because the appropriateness of such methods is highly dependent on the nature of the target analytes. However, we recommend that you spike the extract with an injection standard that contains a known mass of an isotopically labeled compound that is identical to one of the target analytes (except for labeling). This injection standard allows you to monitor the efficiency of the analytical process by verifying the volume of sample injected for analysis. | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.35.10 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1119 Blank testing. | EPA | This section describes the process for analyzing blanks. Use blanks to determine the background effects and the potential for contamination from the sampling process. (a) Take blanks from the same batch of alumina used for the capture bed. (b) Media blanks are used to determine if there is any contamination in the sample media. Analyze at least one media blank for each reactor aging cycle or round of testing performed under § 1065.1117. If your sample media is taken from the same lot, you may analyze media blanks less frequently consistent with good engineering judgment. (c) Field blanks are used to determine if there is any contamination from environmental exposure of the sample media. Analyze at least one field blank for each reactor aging cycle or round of testing performed under § 1065.1117. Field blanks must be contained in a sealed environment and accompany the reactor sampling system throughout the course of a test, including reactor disassembly, sample packaging, and storage. Use good engineering judgment to determine how frequently to generate field blanks. Keep the field blank sample close to the reactor during testing. (d) Reactor blanks are used to determine if there is any contamination from the sampling system. Analyze at least one reactor blank for each reactor aging cycle or round of testing performed under § 1065.1117. (1) Test reactor blanks with the reactor on and operated identically to that of a catalyst test in § 1065.1117 with the exception that when loading the reactor, only the alumina capture bed will be loaded (no catalyst sample is loaded for the reactor blank). We recommend acquiring reactor blanks with the reactor operating at average test temperature you used when acquiring your test samples under § 1065.1117. (2) You must run at least three reactor blanks if the result from the initial blank analysis is above the detection limit of the method, with additional blank runs based on the uncertainty of the reactor blank measurements, consistent with good engineering judgment. | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.35.11 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1121 Vanadium sample dissolution and analysis in alumina capture beds. | EPA | This section describes the process for dissolution of vanadium from the vanadium sublimation samples collect in § 1065.1117 and any blanks collected in § 1065.1119 as well as the analysis of the digestates to determine the mass of vanadium emitted and the associated sublimation temperature threshold based on the results of all the samples taken during the reactor aging cycle. (a) Digest the samples using the following procedure, or an equivalent procedure: (1) Place the recovered alumina, a portion of the ground quartz tube from the reactor, and the quartz wool in a Teflon pressure vessel with a mixture made from 1.5 mL of 16 N HNO 3 , 0.5 mL of 28 N HF, and 0.2 mL of 12 N HCl. Note that the amount of ground quartz tube from the reactor included in the digestion can influence the vanadium concentration of both the volatilized vanadium from the sample and the method detection limit. You must be consistent with the amount ground quartz tube included in the sample analysis for your testing. You must limit the amount of quartz tube to include only portions of the tube that would be likely to encounter volatilized vanadium. (2) Program a microwave oven to heat the sample to 180 °C over 9 minutes, followed by a 10-minute hold at that temperature, and 1 hour of ventilation/cooling. (3) After cooling, dilute the digests to 30 mL with high purity 18MΩ water prior to ICP-MS (or ICP-OES) analysis. Note that this digestion technique requires adequate safety measures when working with HF at high temperature and pressure. To avoid “carry-over” contamination, rigorously clean the vessels between samples as described in “Microwave digestion procedures for environmental matrixes” (Lough, G.C. et al, Analyst. 1998, 123 (7), 103R-133R). (b) Analyze the digestates for vanadium as follows: (1) Perform the analysis using ICP-OES (or ICP-MS) using standard plasma conditions (1350 W forward power) and a desolvating microconcentric nebulizer, which will significantly reduce oxide- and chloride-based interferences. (2) We recomme… | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.35.7 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1113 General provisions related to vanadium sublimation temperatures in SCR catalysts. | EPA | Sections 1065.1113 through 1065.1121 specify procedures for determining vanadium emissions from a catalyst based on catalyst temperature. Vanadium can be emitted from the surface of SCR catalysts at temperatures above 550 °C, dependent on the catalyst formulation. These procedures are appropriate for measuring the vanadium sublimation product from a reactor by sampling onto an equivalent mass of alumina and performing analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Follow standard analytic chemistry methods for any aspects of the analysis that are not specified. (a) The procedure is adapted from “Behavior of Titania-supported Vanadia and Tungsta SCR Catalysts at High Temperatures in Reactant Streams: Tungsten and Vanadium Oxide and Hydroxide Vapor Pressure Reduction by Surficial Stabilization” (Chapman, D.M., Applied Catalysis A: General, 2011, 392, 143-150) with modifications to the acid digestion method from “Measuring the trace elemental composition of size-resolved airborne particles” (Herner, J.D. et al, Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 40, 1925-1933). (b) Laboratory cleanliness is especially important throughout vanadium testing. Thoroughly clean all sampling system components and glassware before testing to avoid sample contamination. | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.35.8 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1115 Reactor design and setup. | EPA | Vanadium measurements rely on a reactor that adsorbs sublimation vapors of vanadium onto an alumina capture bed with high surface area. (a) Configure the reactor with the alumina capture bed downstream of the catalyst in the reactor's hot zone to adsorb vanadium vapors at high temperature. You may use quartz beads upstream of the catalyst to help stabilize reactor gas temperatures. Select an alumina material and design the reactor to minimize sintering of the alumina. For a 1-inch diameter reactor, use 4 to 5 g of 1/8 inch extrudates or -14/+24 mesh (approximately 0.7 to 1.4 mm) gamma alumina (such as Alfa Aesar, aluminum oxide, gamma, catalyst support, high surface area, bimodal). Position the alumina downstream from either an equivalent amount of -14/+24 mesh catalyst sample or an approximately 1-inch diameter by 1 to 3-inch long catalyst-coated monolith sample cored from the production-intent vanadium catalyst substrate. Separate the alumina from the catalyst with a 0.2 to 0.4 g plug of quartz wool. Place a short 4 g plug of quartz wool downstream of the alumina to maintain the position of that bed. Use good engineering judgment to adjust as appropriate for reactors of different sizes. (b) Include the quartz wool with the capture bed to measure vanadium content. We recommend analyzing the downstream quartz wool separately from the alumina to see if the alumina fails to capture some residual vanadium. (c) Configure the reactor such that both the sample and capture beds are in the reactor's hot zone. Design the reactor to maintain similar temperatures in the capture bed and catalyst. Monitor the catalyst and alumina temperatures with Type K thermocouples inserted into a thermocouple well that is in contact with the catalyst sample bed. (d) If there is a risk that the quartz wool and capture bed are not able to collect all the vanadium, configure the reactor with an additional capture bed and quartz wool plug just outside the hot zone and analyze the additional capture bed and quartz wool separately. (e) … | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.35.9 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1117 Reactor aging cycle for determination of vanadium sublimation temperature. | EPA | This section describes the conditions and process required to operate the reactor described in § 1065.1115 for collection of the vanadium sublimation samples for determination of vanadium sublimation temperature. The reactor aging cycle constitutes the process of testing the catalyst sample over all the test conditions described in paragraph (b) of this section. (a) Set up the reactor to flow gases with a space velocity of at least 35,000/hr with a pressure drop across the catalyst and capture beds less than 35 kPa. Use test gases meeting the following specifications, noting that not all gases will be used at the same time: (1) 5 vol% O 2 , balance N 2 . (2) NO, balance N 2 . Use an NO concentration of (200 to 500) ppm. (3) NH 3 , balance N 2 . Use an NH 3 concentration of (200 to 500) ppm. (b) Perform testing as follows: (1) Add a new catalyst sample and capture bed into the reactor as described in § 1065.1113. Heat the reactor to 550 °C while flowing the oxygen blend specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section as a pretest gas mixture. Ensure that no H 2 O is added to the pretest gas mixture to reduce the risk of sintering and vanadium sublimation. (2) Start testing at a temperature that is lower than the point at which vanadium starts to sublime. Start testing when the reactor reaches 550 °C unless testing supports a lower starting temperature. Once the reactor reaches the starting temperature and the catalyst has been equilibrated to the reactor temperature, flow NO and NH 3 test gases for 18 hours with a nominal H 2 O content of 5 volume percent. If an initial starting temperature of 550 °C results in vanadium sublimation, you may retest using a new catalyst sample and a lower initial starting temperature. (3) After 18 hours of exposure, flow the pretest oxygen blend as specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section and allow the reactor to cool down to room temperature. (4) Analyze the sample as described in § 1065.1121. (5) Repeat the testing in paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of this section by… | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.36.12 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1123 General provisions for determining exhaust opacity. | EPA | The provisions of § 1065.1125 describe system specifications for measuring percent opacity of exhaust for all types of engines. The provisions of § 1065.1127 describe how to use such a system to determine percent opacity of engine exhaust for applications other than locomotives. See 40 CFR 1033.525 for measurement procedures for locomotives. | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.36.13 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1125 Exhaust opacity measurement system. | EPA | Smokemeters measure exhaust opacity using full-flow open-path light extinction with a built-in light beam across the exhaust stack or plume. Prepare and install a smokemeter system as follows: (a) Except as specified in paragraph (d) of this section, use a smokemeter capable of providing continuous measurement that meets the following specifications: (1) Use an incandescent lamp with a color temperature between (2800 and 3250) K or a different light source with a spectral peak between (550 and 570) nm. (2) Collimate the light beam to a nominal diameter of 3 centimeters and maximum divergence angle of 6 degrees. (3) Include a photocell or photodiode as a detector. The detector must have a maximum spectral response between (550 and 570) nm, with less than 4 percent of that maximum response below 430 nm and above 680 nm. These specifications correspond to visual perception with the human eye. (4) Use a collimating tube with an aperture that matches the diameter of the light beam. Restrict the detector to viewing within a 16 degree included angle. (5) Optionally use an air curtain across the light source and detector window to minimize deposition of smoke particles, as long as it does not measurably affect the opacity of the sample. (6) The diagram in the following figure illustrates the smokemeter configuration: (b) Smokemeters for locomotive applications must have a full-scale response time of 0.5 seconds or less. Smokemeters for locomotive applications may attenuate signal responses with frequencies higher than 10 Hz with a separate low-pass electronic filter that has the following performance characteristics: (1) Three decibel point: 10 Hz. (2) Insertion loss: (0.0 ±0.5) dB. (3) Selectivity: 12 dB down at 40 Hz minimum. (4) Attenuation: 27 dB down at 40 Hz minimum. (c) Configure exhaust systems as follows for measuring exhaust opacity: (1) For locomotive applications: (i) Optionally add a stack extension to the locomotive muffler. (ii) For in-line measurements, the smokemeter is integral to the st… | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.36.14 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1127 Test procedure for determining percent opacity. | EPA | The test procedure described in this section applies for everything other than locomotives. The test consists of a sequence of engine operating points on an engine dynamometer to measure exhaust opacity during specific engine operating modes to represent in-use operation. Measure opacity using the following procedure: (a) Use the equipment and procedures specified in this part 1065. (b) Calibrate the smokemeter as follows: (1) Calibrate using neutral density filters with approximately 10, 20, and 40 percent opacity. Confirm that the opacity values for each of these reference filters are NIST-traceable within 185 days of testing, or within 370 days of testing if you consistently protect the reference filters from light exposure between tests. (2) Before each test and optionally during engine idle modes, remove the smokemeter from the exhaust stream, if applicable, and calibrate as follows: (i) Zero. Adjust the smokemeter to give a zero response when there is no detectable smoke. (ii) Linearity. Insert each of the qualified reference filters in the light path perpendicular to the axis of the light beam and adjust the smokemeter to give a result within 1 percentage point of the named value for each reference filter. (c) Prepare the engine, dynamometer, and smokemeter for testing as follows: (1) Set up the engine to run in a configuration that represents in-use operation. (2) Determine the smokemeter's optical path length to the nearest mm. (3) If the smokemeter uses purge air or another method to prevent deposits on the light source and detector, adjust the system according to the system manufacturer's instructions and activate the system before starting the engine. (4) Program the dynamometer to operate in torque-control mode throughout testing. Determine the dynamometer load needed to meet the cycle requirements in paragraphs (d)(4)(ii) and (iv) of this section. (5) You may program the dynamometer to apply motoring assist with negative flywheel torque, but only during the first 0.5 seconds of the a… | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.37.15 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1131 General provisions related to accelerated aging of compression-ignition aftertreatment for deterioration factor determination. | EPA | Sections 1065.1131 through 1065.1145 specify procedures for aging compression-ignition engine aftertreatment systems in an accelerated fashion to produce an aged aftertreatment system for durability demonstration. Determine the target number of hours that represents useful life for an engine family as described in the standard setting part. The method described is a procedure for translating field data that represents a given application into an accelerated aging cycle for that specific application, as well as methods for carrying out aging using that cycle. The procedure is intended to be representative of field aging, includes exposure to elements of both thermal and chemical aging, and is designed to achieve an acceleration of aging that is ten times a dynamometer or field test (1,000 hours of accelerated aging is equivalent to 10,000 hours of standard aging). (a) Development of an application-specific accelerated aging cycle generally consists of the following steps: (1) Gathering and analysis of input field data. (2) Determination of key components for aging. (3) Determination of a thermal deactivation coefficient for each key component. (4) Determination of potential aging modes using clustering analysis. (5) Down-selection of final aging modes. (6) Incorporation of regeneration modes (if necessary). (7) Cycle generation. (8) Calculation of thermal deactivation. (9) Cycle scaling to reach thermal deactivation. (10) Determination of oil exposure rates. (11) Determination of sulfur exposure rates. (b) There are two methods for using field data to develop aging cycles, as described in § 1065.1139(b)(1) and (2). Method selection depends on the type of field data available. Method 1 directly uses field data to generate aging modes, while Method 2 uses field data to weight appropriate regulatory duty cycles that are used for emissions certification. (c) Carry out accelerated aging on either a modified engine platform or a reactor-based burner platform. The requirements for these platforms are descri… | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.37.16 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1133 Application selection, data gathering, and analysis. | EPA | This section describes the gathering and analysis of the field generated data that is required for generation of the data cycle. Gather data for the determination of aftertreatment exposure to thermal, lubricating oil, and sulfur related aging factors. You are not required to submit this data as part of your application, but you must make this data available if we request it. (a) Field data target selection. Use good engineering judgment to select one or more target applications for gathering of input field data for the accelerated aging cycle generation that represent a greater than average exposure to potential field aging factors. It should be noted that the same application may not necessarily represent the worst case for all aging factors. If sufficient data is not available to make this determination with multiple applications, you may select the application that is expected to have the highest sales volume for a given engine family. (1) Thermal exposure. We recommend that you select applications for a given engine family that represent the 90th percentile of exposure to thermal aging. For example, if a given engine family incorporates a periodic infrequent regeneration event that involves exposure to higher temperatures than are observed during normal (non-regeneration) operation, we recommend that you select an application wherein the total duration of the cumulative regeneration events is at the 90th percentile of expected applications for that family. For an engine that does not incorporate a distinct regeneration event, we recommend selecting an application that represents the 90th percentile in terms of the overall average temperature. (2) Oil exposure. Use a combination of field and laboratory measurements to determine an average rate of oil consumption in grams per hour that reaches the exhaust. You may use the average total oil consumption rate of the engine if you are unable to determine what portion of the oil consumed reaches the exhaust aftertreatment. (3) Sulfur exposure. The total… | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.37.17 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1135 Determination of key aftertreatment system components. | EPA | Most compression-ignition engine aftertreatment systems contain multiple catalysts, each with their own aging characteristics. However, in the accelerated aging protocol the system will be aged as a whole. Therefore, it is necessary to determine which catalyst components are the key components that will be used for deriving and scaling the aging cycle. (a) The primary aging catalyst in an aftertreatment system is the catalyst that is directly responsible for the majority of NO X reduction, such as a urea SCR catalyst in a compression ignition aftertreatment system. This catalyst will be used as the basis for cycle generation. If a system contains multiple SCR catalysts that are separated by other heat generating components that would result in a different rate of heat exposure, then each SCR catalyst must be tracked separately. Use good engineering judgment to determine when there are multiple primary catalyst components. An example of this would be a light-off SCR catalyst placed upstream of a DOC which is used to generate heat for regeneration and is followed by a DPF and a second downstream SCR catalyst. In this case, both the light-off SCR and the downstream SCR would have very different thermal history, and therefore must be tracked separately. In applications where there is no SCR catalyst in the aftertreatment system, the primary catalyst is the first oxidizing catalyst component in the system which is typically a DOC or catalyzed DPF. (b) The secondary aging catalyst in an aftertreatment system is the catalyst that is intended to either alter exhaust characteristics or generate elevated temperature upstream of the primary catalyst. An example of a secondary component catalyst would be a DOC placed upstream of an SCR catalyst, with or without a DPF in between. | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.37.18 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1137 Determination of thermal reactivity coefficient. | EPA | [89 FR 29827, Apr. 22, 2024] | This section describes the method for determining the thermal reactivity coefficient(s) used for thermal heat load calculation in the accelerated aging protocol. (a) The calculations for thermal degradation are based on the use of an Arrhenius rate law function to model cumulative thermal degradation due to heat exposure. Under this model, the thermal aging rate constant, k, is an exponential function of temperature which takes the form shown in the following equation: Where: A = frequency factor or pre-exponential factor. E a = thermal reactivity coefficient. R = molar gas constant. T = catalyst temperature. Where: A = frequency factor or pre-exponential factor. E a = thermal reactivity coefficient. R = molar gas constant. T = catalyst temperature. (b) The process of determining E a begins with determining what catalyst characteristic will be tracked as the basis for measuring thermal deactivation. This metric varies for each type of catalyst and may be determined from the experimental data using good engineering judgment. We recommend the following metrics; however, you may also use a different metric based on good engineering judgment: (1) Copper-based zeolite SCR. Total ammonia (NH 3 ) storage capacity is a key aging metric for copper-zeolite SCR catalysts, and they typically contain multiple types of storage sites. It is typical to model these catalysts using two different storage sites, one of which is more active for NO X reduction, as this has been shown to be an effective metric for tracking thermal aging. In this case, there are two recommended aging metrics: (i) The ratio between the storage capacity of the two sites, with more active site being in the denominator. (ii) Storage capacity of the more active site. (2) Iron-based zeolite SCR. Total NH 3 storage capacity is a key aging metric for iron-zeolite SCR catalysts. Using a single storage site is the recommended metric for tracking thermal aging. (3) Vanadium SCR. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory for d… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.37.19 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1139 Aging cycle generation. | EPA | [79 FR 23820, Apr. 28, 2014, as amended at 89 FR 29829, Apr. 22, 2024] | Generation of the accelerated aging cycle for a given application involves analysis of the field data to determine a set of aging modes that will represent that field operation. There are two methods of cycle generation, each of which is described separately below. Method 1 involves the direct application of field data and is used when the recorded data includes sufficient exhaust flow and temperature data to allow for determination of aging conditions directly from the field data set and must be available for all of the key components. Method 2 is meant to be used when insufficient flow and temperature data is available from the field data. In Method 2, the field data is used to weight a set of modes derived from the laboratory certification cycles for a given application. These weighted modes are then combined with laboratory recorded flow and temperatures on the certification cycles to derive aging modes. There are two different cases to consider for aging cycle generation, depending on whether or not a given aftertreatment system incorporates the use of a periodic regeneration event. For the purposes of this section, a “regeneration” is any event where the operating temperature of some part of the aftertreatment system is raised beyond levels that are observed during normal (non-regeneration) operation. The analysis of regeneration data is considered separately from normal operating data. (a) Cycle generation process overview. The process of cycle generation begins with the determination of the number of bench aging hours. The input into this calculation is the number of real or field hours that represent the useful life for the target application. This could be given as a number of hours or miles, and for miles, the manufacturer must use field data and good engineering judgment to translate this to an equivalent number of operating hours for the target application. The target for the accelerated aging protocol is a 10-time acceleration of the aging process, therefore the total number of aging hours is alw… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.37.20 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1141 Facility requirements for engine-based aging stands. | EPA | [79 FR 23820, Apr. 28, 2014, as amended at 89 FR 29831, Apr. 22, 2024] | An engine-based accelerated aging platform is built around the use of a compression-ignition engine for generation of heat and flow. You are not required to use the same engine as the target application that is being aged. You may use any compression-ignition engine as a bench aging engine, and the engine may be modified as needed to support meeting the aging procedure requirements. You may use the same bench aging engine for deterioration factor determination from multiple engine families. The engine must be capable of reaching the combination of temperature, flow, NO X , and oil consumption targets required. We recommend using an engine platform larger than the target application for a given aftertreatment system to provide more flexibility to achieve the target conditions and oil consumption rates. You may modify the bench aging engine controls in any manner necessary to help reach aging conditions. You may bypass some of the bench aging engine exhaust around the aftertreatment system being aged to reach targets, but you must account for this in all calculations and monitoring to ensure that the correct amount of oil and sulfur are reaching the aftertreatment system. If you bypass some of the engine exhaust around the aftertreatment system, you must directly measure exhaust flow rate through the aftertreatment system. You may dilute bench aging engine exhaust prior to introduction to the aftertreatment system, but you must account for this in all calculations and monitoring to ensure that the correct engine conditions and the correct amount of oil and sulfur are reaching the aftertreatment system. Your engine-based aging stand must incorporate the following capabilities: (a) Use good engineering judgment to incorporate a means of controlling temperature independent of the engine. An example of such a temperature control would be an air-to-air heat exchanger. The temperature control system must be designed to prevent condensation in the exhaust upstream of the aftertreatment system. This independent temperatur… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.37.21 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1143 Requirements for burner-based aging stands. | EPA | A burner-based aging platform is built using a fuel-fired burner as the primary heat generation mechanism. The burner must utilize diesel fuel and it must produce a lean exhaust gas mixture. You must configure the burner system to be capable of controlling temperature, exhaust flow rate, NO X , oxygen, and water to produce a representative exhaust mixture that meets the accelerated aging cycle targets for the aftertreatment system to be aged. You may bypass some of the bench aging exhaust around the aftertreatment system being aged to reach targets, but you must account for this in all calculations and monitoring to ensure that the correct amount of oil and sulfur are reaching the aftertreatment system. The burner system must incorporate the following capabilities: (a) Directly measure the exhaust flow through the aftertreatment system being aged. (b) Ensure transient response of the system is sufficient to meet the cycle transition time targets for all parameters. (c) Incorporate a means of oxygen and water control such that the burner system is able to generate oxygen and water levels representative of compression-ignition engine exhaust. (d) Incorporate a means of oil introduction for the bulk pathway. You must implement a method that introduces lubricating oil in a region of the burner that does not result in complete combustion of the oil, but at the same time is hot enough to oxidize oil and oil additives in a manner similar to what occurs when oil enters the cylinder of an engine past the piston rings. Care must be taken to ensure the oil is properly atomized and mixed into the post-combustion burner gases before they have cooled to normal exhaust temperatures, to insure proper digestion and oxidation of the oil constituents. You must measure the bulk pathway oil injection rate on a continuous basis. You must validate that this method produces representative oil products using the secondary method in § 1065.1141(h) regardless of whether you will use the burner-based aging stand to age systems which inc… | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.12.37.22 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | L | Subpart L—Methods for Unregulated and Special Pollutants and Additional Procedures | § 1065.1145 Execution of accelerated aging, cycle tracking, and cycle validation criteria. | EPA | [79 FR 23820, Apr. 28, 2014, as amended at 89 FR 29831, Apr. 22, 2024] | The aging cycle generally consists first of practice runs to validate and tune the final cycle, followed by the actual running of the repeat cycles needed to accumulate field equivalent hours to reach full useful life. During the course of the aging run, various aging parameters are tracked to allow verification of proper cycle execution, as well as to allow for correction of the aging parameters to stay within the target limits. (a) Preliminary cycle validation runs. Prior to the start of aging, conduct a number of practice runs to tune the cycle parameters. It is recommended that initial practice runs be conducted without the aftertreatment installed, but with the backpressure of the aftertreatment simulated to help ensure that the tuned cycle is representative. For final cycle tuning, including regenerations, it is recommended to use a duplicate or spare aftertreatment system of similar design to the target system, to avoid damage or excessive initial aging during the tuning. However, it is permissible to conduct final tuning using the target system being aged, but you must limit the total duration to no more than 100 field equivalent hours (10 hours of accelerated aging), including both thermal and chemical components. The process followed for these initial runs will vary depending on whether you are using an engine-based platform or a burner-based platform. (1) Engine-based platform. (i) Initial cycle development. It will be necessary to determine a set of engine modes that will generate the required combinations of temperature, exhaust flow, oil consumption, and NO X to meet the target aging requirements. The development of these modes will be an iterative process using the engine and independent temperature control features of the aging stand. This process assumes that you have already implemented the oil consumption increase modifications, and that these have already been stabilized and validated to reach the necessary levels of bulk oil exposure. In general, we recommend the use of higher engine… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.2.19.1 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | B | Subpart B—Equipment Specifications | § 1065.101 Overview. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37292, June 30, 2008] | (a) This subpart specifies equipment, other than measurement instruments, related to emission testing. The provisions of this subpart apply for all engine dynamometer testing where engine speeds and loads are controlled to follow a prescribed duty cycle. See subpart J of this part to determine which of the provisions of this subpart apply for field testing. This equipment includes three broad categories-dynamometers, engine fluid systems (such as fuel and intake-air systems), and emission-sampling hardware. (b) Other related subparts in this part identify measurement instruments (subpart C), describe how to evaluate the performance of these instruments (subpart D), and specify engine fluids and analytical gases (subpart H). (c) Subpart J of this part describes additional equipment that is specific to field testing. (d) Figures 1 and 2 of this section illustrate some of the possible configurations of laboratory equipment. These figures are schematics only; we do not require exact conformance to them. Figure 1 of this section illustrates the equipment specified in this subpart and gives some references to sections in this subpart. Figure 2 of this section illustrates some of the possible configurations of a full-flow dilution, constant-volume sampling (CVS) system. Not all possible CVS configurations are shown. (e) Dynamometer testing involves engine operation over speeds and loads that are controlled to a prescribed duty cycle. Field testing involves measuring emissions over normal in-use operation of a vehicle or piece of equipment. Field testing does not involve operating an engine over a prescribed duty cycle. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.2.19.10 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | B | Subpart B—Equipment Specifications | § 1065.150 Continuous sampling. | EPA | You may use continuous sampling techniques for measurements that involve raw or dilute sampling. Make sure continuous sampling systems meet the specifications in § 1065.145. Make sure continuous analyzers meet the specifications in subparts C and D of this part. | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.2.19.11 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | B | Subpart B—Equipment Specifications | § 1065.170 Batch sampling for gaseous and PM constituents. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37298, June 30, 2008; 73 FR 59321, Oct. 8, 2008; 76 FR 57440, Sept. 15, 2011;79 FR 23757, Apr. 28, 2014; 81 FR 74162, Oct. 25, 2016; 86 FR 34534, June 29, 2021; 88 FR 4671, Jan. 24, 2023; 89 FR 29794, Apr. 22, 2024] | Batch sampling involves collecting and storing emissions for later analysis. Examples of batch sampling include collecting and storing gaseous emissions in a bag or collecting and storing PM on a filter. You may use batch sampling to store emissions that have been diluted at least once in some way, such as with CVS, PFD, or BMD. You may use batch sampling to store undiluted emissions. You may stop emission sampling anytime the engine is turned off, consistent with good engineering judgment. This is intended to allow for higher concentrations of dilute exhaust gases and more accurate measurements. Account for exhaust transport delay in the sampling system and integrate over the actual sampling duration when determining n dexh . Use good engineering judgment to add dilution air to fill bags up to minimum read volumes, as needed. (a) Sampling methods. If you extract from a constant-volume flow rate, sample at a constant-volume flow rate as follows: (1) Verify proportional sampling after an emission test as described in § 1065.545. You must exclude from the proportional sampling verification any portion of the test where you are not sampling emissions because the engine is turned off and the batch samplers are not sampling, accounting for exhaust transport delay in the sampling system. Use good engineering judgment to select storage media that will not significantly change measured emission levels (either up or down). For example, do not use sample bags for storing emissions if the bags are permeable with respect to emissions or if they off gas emissions to the extent that it affects your ability to demonstrate compliance with the applicable gaseous emission standards in this chapter. As another example, do not use PM filters that irreversibly absorb or adsorb gases to the extent that it affects your ability to demonstrate compliance with the applicable PM emission standards in this chapter. (2) You must follow the requirements in § 1065.140(e)(2) related to PM dilution ratios. For each filter, if you expect the… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.2.19.12 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | B | Subpart B—Equipment Specifications | § 1065.190 PM-stabilization and weighing environments for gravimetric analysis. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37299, June 30, 2008; 73 FR 59323, Oct. 8, 2008; 76 FR 57440, Sept. 15, 2011; 88 FR 4671, Jan. 24, 2023; 89 FR 19794, Apr. 22, 2024] | (a) This section describes the two environments required to stabilize and weigh PM for gravimetric analysis: the PM stabilization environment, where filters are stored before weighing; and the weighing environment, where the balance is located. The two environments may share a common space. These volumes may be one or more rooms, or they may be much smaller, such as a glove box or an automated weighing system consisting of one or more countertop-sized environments. (b) We recommend that you keep both the stabilization and the weighing environments free of ambient contaminants, such as dust, aerosols, or semi-volatile material that could contaminate PM samples. We recommend that these environments conform with an “as-built” Class Six clean room specification according to ISO 14644-1 (incorporated by reference, see § 1065.1010); however, we also recommend that you deviate from ISO 14644-1 as necessary to minimize air motion that might affect weighing. We recommend maximum air-supply and air-return velocities of 0.05 m/s in the weighing environment. (c) Verify the cleanliness of the PM-stabilization environment using reference filters, as described in § 1065.390(d). (d) Maintain the following ambient conditions within the two environments during all stabilization and weighing: (1) Ambient temperature and tolerances. Maintain the weighing environment at a tolerance of (22 ±1) °C. If the two environments share a common space, maintain both environments at a tolerance of (22 ±1) °C. If they are separate, maintain the stabilization environment at a tolerance of (22 ±3) °C. (2) Dewpoint. Maintain a dewpoint of 9.5 °C in both environments. This dewpoint will control the amount of water associated with sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) PM, such that 1.2216 grams of water will be associated with each gram of H 2 SO 4 . (3) Dewpoint tolerances. If the expected fraction of sulfuric acid in PM is unknown, we recommend controlling dewpoint at within ±1 °C tolerance. This would limit any dewpoint-related change in PM to less… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.2.19.13 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | B | Subpart B—Equipment Specifications | § 1065.195 PM-stabilization environment for in-situ analyzers. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 32799, June 30, 2008] | (a) This section describes the environment required to determine PM in-situ. For in-situ analyzers, such as an inertial balance, this is the environment within a PM sampling system that surrounds the PM sample media (e.g., filters). This is typically a very small volume. (b) Maintain the environment free of ambient contaminants, such as dust, aerosols, or semi-volatile material that could contaminate PM samples. Filter all air used for stabilization with HEPA filters. Ensure that HEPA filters are installed properly so that background PM does not leak past the HEPA filters. (c) Maintain the following thermodynamic conditions within the environment before measuring PM: (1) Ambient temperature. Select a nominal ambient temperature, T amb , between (42 and 52) °C. Maintain the ambient temperature within ±1.0 °C of the selected nominal value. (2) Dewpoint. Select a dewpoint, T dew , that corresponds to T amb such that T dew = (0.95 T amb −11.40) °C. The resulting dewpoint will control the amount of water associated with sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) PM, such that 1.1368 grams of water will be associated with each gram of H 2 SO 4 . For example, if you select a nominal ambient temperature of 47 °C, set a dewpoint of 33.3 °C. (3) Dewpoint tolerance. If the expected fraction of sulfuric acid in PM is unknown, we recommend controlling dewpoint within ±1.0 °C. This would limit any dewpoint-related change in PM to less than ±2%, even for PM that is 50% sulfuric acid. If you know your expected fraction of sulfuric acid in PM, we recommend that you select an appropriate dewpoint tolerance for showing compliance with emission standards using Table 1 of § 1065.190 as a guide: (4) Absolute pressure. Use good engineering judgment to maintain a tolerance of absolute pressure if your PM measurement instrument requires it. (d) Continuously measure dewpoint, temperature, and pressure using measurement instruments that meet the PM-stabilization environment specifications in subpart C of this part. Use these values to … | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.2.19.2 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | B | Subpart B—Equipment Specifications | § 1065.110 Work inputs and outputs, accessory work, and operator demand. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37292, June 30, 2008] | (a) Work. Use good engineering judgment to simulate all engine work inputs and outputs as they typically would operate in use. Account for work inputs and outputs during an emission test by measuring them; or, if they are small, you may show by engineering analysis that disregarding them does not affect your ability to determine the net work output by more than ±0.5% of the net expected work output over the test interval. Use equipment to simulate the specific types of work, as follows: (1) Shaft work. Use an engine dynamometer that is able to meet the cycle-validation criteria in § 1065.514 over each applicable duty cycle. (i) You may use eddy-current and water-brake dynamometers for any testing that does not involve engine motoring, which is identified by negative torque commands in a reference duty cycle. See the standard setting part for reference duty cycles that are applicable to your engine. (ii) You may use alternating-current or direct-current motoring dynamometers for any type of testing. (iii) You may use one or more dynamometers. (iv) You may use any device that is already installed on a vehicle, equipment, or vessel to absorb work from the engine's output shaft(s). Examples of these types of devices include a vessel's propeller and a locomotive's generator. (2) Electrical work. Use one or more of the following to simulate electrical work: (i) Use storage batteries or capacitors that are of the type and capacity installed in use. (ii) Use motors, generators, and alternators that are of the type and capacity installed in use. (iii) Use a resistor load bank to simulate electrical loads. (3) Pump, compressor, and turbine work. Use pumps, compressors, and turbines that are of the type and capacity installed in use. Use working fluids that are of the same type and thermodynamic state as normal in-use operation. (b) Laboratory work inputs. You may supply any laboratory inputs of work to the engine. For example, you may supply electrical work to the engine to operate a fuel system, and a… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.2.19.3 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | B | Subpart B—Equipment Specifications | § 1065.120 Fuel properties and fuel temperature and pressure. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37293, June 30, 2008] | (a) Use fuels as specified in the standard-setting part, or as specified in subpart H of this part if fuels are not specified in the standard-setting part. (b) If the engine manufacturer specifies fuel temperature and pressure tolerances and the location where they are to be measured, then measure the fuel temperature and pressure at the specified location to show that you are within these tolerances throughout testing. (c) If the engine manufacturer does not specify fuel temperature and pressure tolerances, use good engineering judgment to set and control fuel temperature and pressure in a way that represents typical in-use fuel temperatures and pressures. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.2.19.4 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | B | Subpart B—Equipment Specifications | § 1065.122 Engine cooling and lubrication. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37293, June 30, 2008] | (a) Engine cooling. Cool the engine during testing so its intake-air, oil, coolant, block, and head temperatures are within their expected ranges for normal operation. You may use auxiliary coolers and fans. (1) For air-cooled engines only, if you use auxiliary fans you must account for work input to the fan(s) according to § 1065.110. (2) See § 1065.125 for more information related to intake-air cooling. (3) See § 1065.127 for more information related to exhaust gas recirculation cooling. (4) Measure temperatures at the manufacturer-specified locations. If the manufacturer does not specify temperature measurement locations, then use good engineering judgment to monitor intake-air, oil, coolant, block, and head temperatures to ensure that they are in their expected ranges for normal operation. (b) Forced cooldown. You may install a forced cooldown system for an engine and an exhaust aftertreatment device according to § 1065.530(a)(1). (c) Lubricating oil. Use lubricating oils specified in § 1065.740. For two-stroke engines that involve a specified mixture of fuel and lubricating oil, mix the lubricating oil with the fuel according to the manufacturer's specifications. (d) Coolant. For liquid-cooled engines, use coolant as specified in § 1065.745. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.2.19.5 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | B | Subpart B—Equipment Specifications | § 1065.125 Engine intake air. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37293, June 30, 2008; 73 FR 59321, Oct. 8, 2008; 75 FR 23029, Apr. 30, 2010; 76 FR 57440, Sept. 15, 2011] | (a) Use the intake-air system installed on the engine or one that represents a typical in-use configuration. This includes the charge-air cooling and exhaust gas recirculation systems. (b) Measure temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure near the entrance of the furthest upstream engine or in-use intake system component. This would generally be near the engine's air filter, or near the inlet to the in-use air intake system for engines that have no air filter. For engines with multiple intakes, make measurements near the entrance of each intake. (1) Pressure. You may use a single shared atmospheric pressure meter as long as your laboratory equipment for handling intake air maintains ambient pressure at all intakes within ±1 kPa of the shared atmospheric pressure. For engines with multiple intakes with separate atmospheric pressure measurements at each intake, use an average value for verifying compliance to § 1065.520(b)(2). (2) Humidity. You may use a single shared humidity measurement for intake air as long as your equipment for handling intake air maintains dewpoint at all intakes to within ±0.5 °C of the shared humidity measurement. For engines with multiple intakes with separate humidity measurements at each intake, use a flow-weighted average humidity for NO X corrections. If individual flows of each intake are not measured, use good engineering judgment to estimate a flow-weighted average humidity. (3) Temperature. Good engineering judgment may require that you shield the temperature sensors or move them upstream of an elbow in the laboratory intake system to prevent measurement errors due to radiant heating from hot engine surfaces or in-use intake system components. You must limit the distance between the temperature sensor and the entrance to the furthest upstream engine or in-use intake system component to no more than 12 times the outer hydraulic diameter of the entrance to the furthest upstream engine or in-use intake system component. However, you may exceed this limit if you use go… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.2.19.6 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | B | Subpart B—Equipment Specifications | § 1065.127 Exhaust gas recirculation. | EPA | Use the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system installed with the engine or one that represents a typical in-use configuration. This includes any applicable EGR cooling devices. | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.2.19.7 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | B | Subpart B—Equipment Specifications | § 1065.130 Engine exhaust. | EPA | [73 FR 37293, June 30, 2008, as amended at 79 FR 23754, Apr. 28, 2014; 86 FR 34534, June 29, 2021] | (a) General. Use the exhaust system installed with the engine or one that represents a typical in-use configuration. This includes any applicable aftertreatment devices. We refer to exhaust piping as an exhaust stack; this is equivalent to a tailpipe for vehicle configurations. (b) Aftertreatment configuration. If you do not use the exhaust system installed with the engine, configure any aftertreatment devices as follows: (1) Position any aftertreatment device so its distance from the nearest exhaust manifold flange or turbocharger outlet is within the range specified by the engine manufacturer in the application for certification. If this distance is not specified, position aftertreatment devices to represent typical in-use vehicle configurations. (2) You may use exhaust tubing that is not from the in-use exhaust system upstream of any aftertreatment device that is of diameter(s) typical of in-use configurations. If you use exhaust tubing that is not from the in-use exhaust system upstream of any aftertreatment device, position each aftertreatment device according to paragraph (b)(1) of this section. (c) Sampling system connections. Connect an engine's exhaust system to any raw sampling location or dilution stage, as follows: (1) Minimize laboratory exhaust tubing lengths and use a total length of laboratory tubing of no more than 10 m or 50 outside diameters, whichever is greater. The start of laboratory exhaust tubing should be specified as the exit of the exhaust manifold, turbocharger outlet, last aftertreatment device, or the in-use exhaust system, whichever is furthest downstream. The end of laboratory exhaust tubing should be specified as the sample point, or first point of dilution. If laboratory exhaust tubing consists of several different outside tubing diameters, count the number of diameters of length of each individual diameter, then sum all the diameters to determine the total length of exhaust tubing in diameters. Use the mean outside diameter of any converging or diverging sections of … | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.2.19.8 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | B | Subpart B—Equipment Specifications | § 1065.140 Dilution for gaseous and PM constituents. | EPA | [79 FR 23754, Apr. 28, 2014, as amended at 81 FR 74162, Oct. 25, 2016; 86 FR 34534, June 29, 2021; 88 FR 4670, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) General. You may dilute exhaust with ambient air, purified air, or nitrogen. References in this part to “dilution air” may include any of these. For gaseous emission measurement, the dilution air must be at least 15 °C. Note that the composition of the dilution air affects some gaseous emission measurement instruments' response to emissions. We recommend diluting exhaust at a location as close as possible to the location where ambient air dilution would occur in use. Dilution may occur in a single stage or in multiple stages. For dilution in multiple stages, the first stage is considered primary dilution and later stages are considered secondary dilution. (b) Dilution-air conditions and background concentrations. Before dilution air is mixed with exhaust, you may precondition it by increasing or decreasing its temperature or humidity. You may also remove constituents to reduce their background concentrations. The following provisions apply to removing constituents or accounting for background concentrations: (1) You may measure constituent concentrations in the dilution air and compensate for background effects on test results. See § 1065.650 for calculations that compensate for background concentrations (40 CFR 1066.610 for vehicle testing). (2) Measure these background concentrations the same way you measure diluted exhaust constituents, or measure them in a way that does not affect your ability to demonstrate compliance with the applicable standards in this chapter. For example, you may use the following simplifications for background sampling: (i) You may disregard any proportional sampling requirements. (ii) You may use unheated gaseous sampling systems. (iii) You may use unheated PM sampling systems. (iv) You may use continuous sampling if you use batch sampling for diluted emissions. (v) You may use batch sampling if you use continuous sampling for diluted emissions. (3) For removing background PM, we recommend that you filter all dilution air, including primary full-flow dilution air, wit… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.2.19.9 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | B | Subpart B—Equipment Specifications | § 1065.145 Gaseous and PM probes, transfer lines, and sampling system components. | EPA | [75 FR 23030, Apr. 30, 2010; 79 FR 23756, Apr. 28, 2014; 86 FR 34534, June 29, 2021; 88 FR 4670, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Continuous and batch sampling. Determine the total mass of each constituent with continuous or batch sampling. Both types of sampling systems have probes, transfer lines, and other sampling system components that are described in this section. (b) Options for engines with multiple exhaust stacks. Measure emissions from a test engine as described in this paragraph (b) if it has multiple exhaust stacks. You may choose to use different measurement procedures for different pollutants under this paragraph (b) for a given test. For purposes of this part 1065, the test engine includes all the devices related to converting the chemical energy in the fuel to the engine's mechanical output energy. This may or may not involve vehicle- or equipment-based devices. For example, all of an engine's cylinders are considered to be part of the test engine even if the exhaust is divided into separate exhaust stacks. As another example, all the cylinders of a diesel-electric locomotive are considered to be part of the test engine even if they transmit power through separate output shafts, such as might occur with multiple engine-generator sets working in tandem. Use one of the following procedures to measure emissions with multiple exhaust stacks: (1) Route the exhaust flow from the multiple stacks into a single flow as described in § 1065.130(c)(6). Sample and measure emissions after the exhaust streams are mixed. Calculate the emissions as a single sample from the entire engine. We recommend this as the preferred option, since it requires only a single measurement and calculation of the exhaust molar flow for the entire engine. (2) Sample and measure emissions from each stack and calculate emissions separately for each stack. Add the mass (or mass rate) emissions from each stack to calculate the emissions from the entire engine. Testing under this paragraph (b)(2) requires measuring or calculating the exhaust molar flow for each stack separately. If the exhaust molar flow in each stack cannot be calculated from intake ai… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.19.1 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.201 Overview and general provisions. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37299, June 30, 2008; 75 FR 23033, Apr. 30, 2010; 79 FR 23758, Apr. 29, 2014] | (a) Scope. This subpart specifies measurement instruments and associated system requirements related to emission testing in a laboratory or similar environment and in the field. This includes laboratory instruments and portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) for measuring engine parameters, ambient conditions, flow-related parameters, and emission concentrations. (b) Instrument types. You may use any of the specified instruments as described in this subpart to perform emission tests. If you want to use one of these instruments in a way that is not specified in this subpart, or if you want to use a different instrument, you must first get us to approve your alternate procedure under § 1065.10. Where we specify more than one instrument for a particular measurement, we may identify which instrument serves as the reference for comparing with an alternate procedure. You may generally use instruments with compensation algorithms that are functions of other gaseous measurements and the known or assumed fuel properties for the test fuel. The target value for any compensation algorithm is 0% (that is, no bias high and no bias low), regardless of the uncompensated signal's bias. (c) Measurement systems. Assemble a system of measurement instruments that allows you to show that your engines comply with the applicable emission standards, using good engineering judgment. When selecting instruments, consider how conditions such as vibration, temperature, pressure, humidity, viscosity, specific heat, and exhaust composition (including trace concentrations) may affect instrument compatibility and performance. (d) Redundant systems. For all measurement instruments described in this subpart, you may use data from multiple instruments to calculate test results for a single test. If you use redundant systems, use good engineering judgment to use multiple measured values in calculations or to disregard individual measurements. Note that you must keep your results from all measurements. This requirement applies whether … | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.19.2 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.202 Data updating, recording, and control. | EPA | [79 FR 23759, Apr. 28, 2014, as amended at 81 FR 74162, Oct. 25, 2016] | Your test system must be able to update data, record data and control systems related to operator demand, the dynamometer, sampling equipment, and measurement instruments. Set up the measurement and recording equipment to avoid aliasing by ensuring that the sampling frequency is at least double that of the signal you are measuring, consistent with good engineering judgment; this may require increasing the sampling rate or filtering the signal. Use data acquisition and control systems that can record at the specified minimum frequencies, as follows: Table 1 of § 1065.202—Data Recording and Control Minimum Frequencies a The specifications for minimum command and control frequency do not apply for CFVs that are not using active control. b 1 Hz means are data reported from the instrument at a higher frequency, but recorded as a series of 1 s mean values at a rate of 1 Hz. c For CFVs in a CVS, the minimum recording frequency is 1 Hz. The minimum recording frequency does not apply for CFVs used to control sampling from a CVS utilizing CFVs. d Dilution air flow specifications do not apply for CVS dilution air. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.19.3 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.205 Performance specifications for measurement instruments. | EPA | [86 FR 34534, June 29, 2021] | Your test system as a whole must meet all the calibrations, verifications, and test-validation criteria specified elsewhere in this part for laboratory testing or field testing, as applicable. We recommend that your instruments meet the specifications in this section for all ranges you use for testing. We also recommend that you keep any documentation you receive from instrument manufacturers showing that your instruments meet the specifications in the following table: | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.19.4 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.210 Work input and output sensors. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37300, June 30, 2008; 79 FR 23760, Apr. 28, 2014; 88 FR 4671, Jan. 24, 2023; 89 FR 29794, Apr. 22, 2024] | (a) Application. Use instruments as specified in this section to measure work inputs and outputs during engine operation. We recommend that you use sensors, transducers, and meters that meet the specifications in § 1065.205. Note that your overall systems for measuring work inputs and outputs must meet the linearity verifications in § 1065.307. In all cases, ensure that you are able to accurately demonstrate compliance with the applicable standards in this chapter. The following additional provisions apply related to work inputs and outputs: (1) We recommend that you measure work inputs and outputs where they cross the system boundary as shown in figure 1 to paragraph (a)(5) of this section. The system boundary is different for air-cooled engines than for liquid-cooled engines. (2) For measurements involving work conversion relative to a system boundary use good engineering judgment to estimate any work-conversion losses in a way that avoids overestimation of total work. For example, if it is impractical to instrument the shaft of an exhaust turbine generating electrical work, you may decide to measure its converted electrical work. As another example, you may decide to measure the tractive ( i.e., electrical output) power of a locomotive, rather than the brake power of the locomotive engine. For measuring tractive power based on electrical output, divide the electrical work by accurate values of electrical generator efficiency ( η <1), or assume an efficiency of 1 ( η =1), which would over-estimate brake-specific emissions. For the example of using locomotive tractive power with a generator efficiency of 1 ( η =1), this means using the tractive power as the brake power in emission calculations. (3) If your engine includes an externally powered electrical heater to heat engine exhaust, assume an electrical generator efficiency of 0.67 ( η =0.67) to account for the work needed to run the heater. (4) Do not underestimate any work conversion efficiencies for any components outside the system boundary that… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.19.5 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.215 Pressure transducers, temperature sensors, and dewpoint sensors. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37300, June 30, 2008] | (a) Application. Use instruments as specified in this section to measure pressure, temperature, and dewpoint. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use pressure transducers, temperature sensors, and dewpoint sensors that meet the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. Note that your overall systems for measuring pressure, temperature, and dewpoint must meet the calibration and verifications in § 1065.315. (c) Temperature. For PM-balance environments or other precision temperature measurements over a narrow temperature range, we recommend thermistors. For other applications we recommend thermocouples that are not grounded to the thermocouple sheath. You may use other temperature sensors, such as resistive temperature detectors (RTDs). (d) Pressure. Pressure transducers must be located in a temperature-controlled environment, or they must compensate for temperature changes over their expected operating range. Transducer materials must be compatible with the fluid being measured. For atmospheric pressure or other precision pressure measurements, we recommend either capacitance-type, quartz crystal, or laser-interferometer transducers. For other applications, we recommend either strain gage or capacitance-type pressure transducers. You may use other pressure-measurement instruments, such as manometers, where appropriate. (e) Dewpoint. For PM-stabilization environments, we recommend chilled-surface hygrometers, which include chilled mirror detectors and chilled surface acoustic wave (SAW) detectors. For other applications, we recommend thin-film capacitance sensors. You may use other dewpoint sensors, such as a wet-bulb/dry-bulb psychrometer, where appropriate. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.20.10 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.245 Sample flow meter for batch sampling. | EPA | (a) Application. Use a sample flow meter to determine sample flow rates or total flow sampled into a batch sampling system over a test interval. You may use the difference between a diluted exhaust sample flow meter and a dilution air meter to calculate raw exhaust flow rates or total raw exhaust flow over a test interval. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a sample flow meter that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. This may involve a laminar flow element, an ultrasonic flow meter, a subsonic venturi, a critical-flow venturi or multiple critical-flow venturis arranged in parallel, a positive-displacement meter, a thermal-mass meter, an averaging Pitot tube, or a hot-wire anemometer. Note that your overall system for measuring sample flow must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. For the special case where CFVs are used for both the diluted exhaust and sample-flow measurements and their upstream pressures and temperatures remain similar during testing, you do not have to quantify the flow rate of the sample-flow CFV. In this special case, the sample-flow CFV inherently flow-weights the batch sample relative to the diluted exhaust CFV. (c) Flow conditioning. For any type of sample flow meter, condition the flow as needed to prevent wakes, eddies, circulating flows, or flow pulsations from affecting the accuracy or repeatability of the meter. For some meters, you may accomplish this by using a sufficient length of straight tubing (such as a length equal to at least 10 pipe diameters) or by using specially designed tubing bends, orifice plates or straightening fins to establish a predictable velocity profile upstream of the meter. | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.20.11 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.247 Diesel exhaust fluid flow rate. | EPA | [86 FR 34536, June 29, 2021] | (a) Application. Determine diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) flow rate over a test interval for batch or continuous emission sampling using one of the three methods described in this section. (b) ECM. Use the ECM signal directly to determine DEF flow rate. You may combine this with a gravimetric scale if that improves measurement quality. Prior to testing, you may characterize the ECM signal using a laboratory measurement and adjust the ECM signal, consistent with good engineering judgment. (c) Flow meter. Measure DEF flow rate with a flow meter. We recommend that the flow meter that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. Note that your overall system for measuring DEF flow must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. Measure using the following procedure: (1) Condition the flow of DEF as needed to prevent wakes, eddies, circulating flows, or flow pulsations from affecting the accuracy or repeatability of the meter. You may accomplish this by using a sufficient length of straight tubing (such as a length equal to at least 10 pipe diameters) or by using specially designed tubing bends, straightening fins, or pneumatic pulsation dampeners to establish a steady and predictable velocity profile upstream of the meter. Condition the flow as needed to prevent any gas bubbles in the fluid from affecting the flow meter. (2) Account for any fluid that bypasses the DEF dosing unit or returns from the dosing unit to the fluid storage tank. (d) Gravimetric scale. Use a gravimetric scale to determine the mass of DEF the engine uses over a discrete-mode test interval and divide by the time of the test interval. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.20.12 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.248 Gas divider. | EPA | (a) Application. You may use a gas divider to blend calibration gases. (b) Component requirements. Use a gas divider that blends gases to the specifications of § 1065.750 and to the flow-weighted concentrations expected during testing. You may use critical-flow gas dividers, capillary-tube gas dividers, or thermal-mass-meter gas dividers. Note that your overall gas-divider system must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. | ||||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.20.6 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.220 Fuel flow meter. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37300, June 30, 2008; 76 FR 57441, Sept. 15, 2011; 81 FR 74162, Oct. 25, 2016; 86 FR 34536, June 29, 2021] | (a) Application. You may use fuel flow meters in combination with a chemical balance of fuel, DEF, intake air, and raw exhaust to calculate raw exhaust flow as described in § 1065.655(f). You may also use fuel flow meters to determine the mass flow rate of carbon-carrying fuel streams for performing carbon balance error verification in § 1065.543 and to calculate the mass of those fuel streams as described in § 1065.643. The following provisions apply for using fuel flow meters: (1) Use the actual value of calculated raw exhaust flow rate in the following cases: (i) For multiplying raw exhaust flow rate with continuously sampled concentrations. (ii) For multiplying total raw exhaust flow with batch-sampled concentrations. (iii) For calculating the dilution air flow for background correction as described in § 1065.667. (2) In the following cases, you may use a fuel flow meter signal that does not give the actual value of raw exhaust, as long as it is linearly proportional to the exhaust molar flow rate's actual calculated value: (i) For feedback control of a proportional sampling system, such as a partial-flow dilution system. (ii) For multiplying with continuously sampled gas concentrations, if the same signal is used in a chemical-balance calculation to determine work from brake-specific fuel consumption and fuel consumed. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a fuel flow meter that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. We recommend a fuel flow meter that measures mass directly, such as one that relies on gravimetric or inertial measurement principles. This may involve using a meter with one or more scales for weighing fuel or using a Coriolis meter. Note that your overall system for measuring fuel flow must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307 and the calibration and verifications in § 1065.320. (c) Recirculating fuel. In any fuel-flow measurement, account for any fuel that bypasses the engine or returns from the engine to the fuel storage tank. (d) Flow co… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.20.7 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.225 Intake-air flow meter. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 76 FR 57442, Sept. 15, 2011;79 FR 23760, Apr. 28, 2014; 81 FR 74163, Oct. 25, 2016; 86 FR 34536, June 29, 2021] | (a) Application. You may use intake-air flow meters in combination with a chemical balance of fuel, DEF, intake air, and raw exhaust to calculate raw exhaust flow as described in § 1065.655(f) and (g). You may also use intake-air flow meters to determine the amount of intake air input for performing carbon balance error verification in § 1065.543 and to calculate the measured amount of intake air, n int , as described in § 1065.643. The following provisions apply for using intake air flow meters: (i) For multiplying raw exhaust flow rate with continuously sampled concentrations. (ii) For multiplying total raw exhaust flow with batch-sampled concentrations. (iii) For verifying minimum dilution ratio for PM batch sampling as described in § 1065.546. (iv) For calculating the dilution air flow for background correction as described in § 1065.667. (2) In the following cases, you may use an intake-air flow meter signal that does not give the actual value of raw exhaust, as long as it is linearly proportional to the exhaust flow rate's actual calculated value: (i) For feedback control of a proportional sampling system, such as a partial-flow dilution system. (ii) For multiplying with continuously sampled gas concentrations, if the same signal is used in a chemical-balance calculation to determine work from brake-specific fuel consumption and fuel consumed. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use an intake-air flow meter that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. This may include a laminar flow element, an ultrasonic flow meter, a subsonic venturi, a thermal-mass meter, an averaging Pitot tube, or a hot-wire anemometer. Note that your overall system for measuring intake-air flow must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307 and the calibration in § 1065.325. (c) Flow conditioning. For any type of intake-air flow meter, condition the flow as needed to prevent wakes, eddies, circulating flows, or flow pulsations from affecting the accuracy or repeatability of the meter. You m… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.20.8 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.230 Raw exhaust flow meter. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 79 FR 23761, Apr. 28, 2014] | (a) Application. You may use measured raw exhaust flow, as follows: (1) Use the actual value of calculated raw exhaust in the following cases: (i) Multiply raw exhaust flow rate with continuously sampled concentrations. (ii) Multiply total raw exhaust with batch sampled concentrations. (2) In the following cases, you may use a raw exhaust flow meter signal that does not give the actual value of raw exhaust, as long as it is linearly proportional to the exhaust flow rate's actual calculated value: (i) For feedback control of a proportional sampling system, such as a partial-flow dilution system. (ii) For multiplying with continuously sampled gas concentrations, if the same signal is used in a chemical-balance calculation to determine work from brake-specific fuel consumption and fuel consumed. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a raw-exhaust flow meter that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. This may involve using an ultrasonic flow meter, a subsonic venturi, an averaging Pitot tube, a hot-wire anemometer, or other measurement principle. This would generally not involve a laminar flow element or a thermal-mass meter. Note that your overall system for measuring raw exhaust flow must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307 and the calibration and verifications in § 1065.330. Any raw-exhaust meter must be designed to appropriately compensate for changes in the raw exhaust's thermodynamic, fluid, and compositional states. (c) Flow conditioning. For any type of raw exhaust flow meter, condition the flow as needed to prevent wakes, eddies, circulating flows, or flow pulsations from affecting the accuracy or repeatability of the meter. You may accomplish this by using a sufficient length of straight tubing (such as a length equal to at least 10 pipe diameters) or by using specially designed tubing bends, orifice plates or straightening fins to establish a predictable velocity profile upstream of the meter. (d) Exhaust cooling. You may cool raw exhaust upstream of … | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.20.9 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.240 Dilution air and diluted exhaust flow meters. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 75 FR 23035, Apr. 30, 2010; 79 FR 23761, Apr. 28, 2014] | (a) Application. Use a diluted exhaust flow meter to determine instantaneous diluted exhaust flow rates or total diluted exhaust flow over a test interval. You may use the difference between a diluted exhaust flow meter and a dilution air meter to calculate raw exhaust flow rates or total raw exhaust flow over a test interval. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a diluted exhaust flow meter that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. Note that your overall system for measuring diluted exhaust flow must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307 and the calibration and verifications in § 1065.340 and § 1065.341. You may use the following meters: (1) For constant-volume sampling (CVS) of the total flow of diluted exhaust, you may use a critical-flow venturi (CFV) or multiple critical-flow venturis arranged in parallel, a positive-displacement pump (PDP), a subsonic venturi (SSV), or an ultrasonic flow meter (UFM). Combined with an upstream heat exchanger, either a CFV or a PDP will also function as a passive flow controller in a CVS system. However, you may also combine any flow meter with any active flow control system to maintain proportional sampling of exhaust constituents. You may control the total flow of diluted exhaust, or one or more sample flows, or a combination of these flow controls to maintain proportional sampling. (2) For any other dilution system, you may use a laminar flow element, an ultrasonic flow meter, a subsonic venturi, a critical-flow venturi or multiple critical-flow venturis arranged in parallel, a positive-displacement meter, a thermal-mass meter, an averaging Pitot tube, or a hot-wire anemometer. (c) Flow conditioning. For any type of diluted exhaust flow meter, condition the flow as needed to prevent wakes, eddies, circulating flows, or flow pulsations from affecting the accuracy or repeatability of the meter. For some meters, you may accomplish this by using a sufficient length of straight tubing (such as a length equal to at least 10 pipe d… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.22.13 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.250 Nondispersive infrared analyzer. | EPA | [76 FR 57442, Sept. 15, 2011, as amended at 79 FR 23761, Apr. 28, 2014] | (a) Application. Use a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer to measure CO and CO 2 concentrations in raw or diluted exhaust for either batch or continuous sampling. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use an NDIR analyzer that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. Note that your NDIR-based system must meet the calibration and verifications in §§ 1065.350 and 1065.355 and it must also meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.22.14 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.255 H | EPA | [89 FR 29795, Apr. 22, 2024] | (a) Component requirements. We recommend that you use an analyzer that meets the specifications in § 1065.205. Note that your system must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. (b) Instrument types. You may use any of the following analyzers to measure H 2 : (1) Magnetic sector mass spectrometer. (2) Raman spectrometer. (c) Interference verification. Certain compounds can positively interfere with magnetic sector mass spectroscopy and raman spectroscopy by causing a response similar to H 2 . Use good engineering judgment to determine interference species when performing interference verification. In the case of raman spectroscopy, determine interference species that are appropriate for each H 2 infrared absorption band, or you may identify the interference species based on the instrument manufacturer's recommendations. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.22.15 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.257 H | EPA | [89 FR 29795, Apr. 22, 2024] | (a) Component requirements. We recommend that you use an analyzer that meets the specifications in § 1065.205. Note that your system must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307 with a humidity generator meeting the requirements of § 1065.750(a)(6). (b) Measurement principles. Use appropriate analytical procedures for interpretation of infrared spectra. For example, EPA Test Method 320 (see § 1065.266(b)) and ASTM D6348 (incorporated by reference, see § 1065.1010) are considered valid methods for spectral interpretation. You must use heated analyzers that maintain all surfaces that are exposed to emissions at a temperature of (110 to 202) °C. (c) Instrument types. You may use any of the following analyzers to measure H 2 O: (1) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyzer. (2) Laser infrared analyzer. Examples of laser infrared analyzers are pulsed-mode high-resolution narrow band mid-infrared analyzers and modulated continuous wave high-resolution narrow band near or mid-infrared analyzers. (d) Interference verification. Certain compounds can interfere with FTIR and laser infrared analyzers by causing a response similar to water. Perform interference verification for the following interference species: (1) Perform CO 2 interference verification for FTIR analyzers using the procedures of § 1065.357. Use good engineering judgment to determine other interference species for FTIR analyzers when performing interference verification. Consider at least CO, NO, C 2 H 4 , and C 7 H 8 . Perform interference verifications using the procedures of § 1065.357, replacing occurances of CO 2 with each targeted interference species. Determine interference species under this paragraph (d)(1) that are appropriate for each H 2 O infrared absorption band, or you may identify the interference species based on the instrument manufacturer's recommendations. (2) Perform interference verification for laser infrared analyzers using the procedures of § 1065.375. Use good engineering judgment to determine interference sp… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.23.16 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.260 Flame-ionization detector. | EPA | [76 FR 57442, Sept. 15, 2011, as amended at 79 FR 23761, Apr. 28, 2014; 81 FR 74163, Oct. 25, 2016; 86 FR 34536, June 29, 2021; 88 FR 4672, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Application. Use a flame-ionization detector (FID) analyzer to measure hydrocarbon concentrations in raw or diluted exhaust for either batch or continuous sampling. Determine hydrocarbon concentrations on a carbon number basis of one, C 1 . For measuring THC or THCE you must use a FID analyzer. For measuring CH 4 you must meet the requirements of paragraph (g) of this section. See subpart I of this part for special provisions that apply to measuring hydrocarbons when testing with oxygenated fuels. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a FID analyzer that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. Note that your FID-based system for measuring THC, THCE, or CH 4 must meet all the verifications for hydrocarbon measurement in subpart D of this part, and it must also meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. (c) Heated FID analyzers. For measuring THC or THCE from compression-ignition engines, two-stroke spark-ignition engines, and four-stroke spark-ignition engines at or below 19 kW, you must use heated FID analyzers that maintain all surfaces that are exposed to emissions at a temperature of (191 ±11) °C. (d) FID fuel and burner air. Use FID fuel and burner air that meet the specifications of § 1065.750. Do not allow the FID fuel and burner air to mix before entering the FID analyzer to ensure that the FID analyzer operates with a diffusion flame and not a premixed flame. (e) NMHC and NMOG. For demonstrating compliance with NMHC standards, you may either measure THC and determine NMHC mass as described in § 1065.660(b)(1), or you may measure THC and CH 4 and determine NMHC as described in § 1065.660(b)(2) or (3). You may also use the additive method in § 1065.660(b)(4) for natural gas-fueled engines as described in § 1065.266. See 40 CFR 1066.635 for methods to demonstrate compliance with NMOG standards for vehicle testing. (f) NMNEHC. For demonstrating compliance with NMNEHC standards, you may either measure NMHC or determine NMNEHC mass as described in § 1065.66… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.23.17 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.265 Nonmethane cutter. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37300, June 30, 2008; 76 FR 57442, Sept. 15, 2011] | (a) Application. You may use a nonmethane cutter to measure CH 4 with a FID analyzer. A nonmethane cutter oxidizes all nonmethane hydrocarbons to CO 2 and H 2 O. You may use a nonmethane cutter for raw or diluted exhaust for batch or continuous sampling. (b) System performance. Determine nonmethane-cutter performance as described in § 1065.365 and use the results to calculate CH 4 or NMHC emissions in § 1065.660. (c) Configuration. Configure the nonmethane cutter with a bypass line if it is needed for the verification described in § 1065.365. (d) Optimization. You may optimize a nonmethane cutter to maximize the penetration of CH 4 and the oxidation of all other hydrocarbons. You may humidify a sample and you may dilute a sample with purified air or oxygen (O 2 ) upstream of the nonmethane cutter to optimize its performance. You must account for any sample humidification and dilution in emission calculations. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.23.18 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.266 Fourier transform infrared analyzer. | EPA | [89 FR 29796, Apr. 22, 2024] | (a) Application. For engines that run only on natural gas, you may use a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyzer to measure nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and nonmethane nonethane hydrocarbon (NMNEHC) for continuous sampling. You may use an FTIR analyzer with any gaseous-fueled engine, including dual-fuel and flexible-fuel engines, to measure CH 4 and C 2 H 6 , for either batch or continuous sampling (for subtraction from THC). (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use an FTIR analyzer that meets the specifications in § 1065.205. (c) Measurement principles. Note that your FTIR-based system must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. Use appropriate analytical procedures for interpretation of infrared spectra. For example, EPA Test Method 320 in 40 CFR part 63, appendix A, and ASTM D6348 (incorporated by reference, see § 1065.1010) are considered valid methods for spectral interpretation. You must use heated FTIR analyzers that maintain all surfaces that are exposed to emissions at a temperature of (110 to 202) °C. (d) Hydrocarbon species for NMHC and NMNEHC additive determination. To determine NMNEHC, measure ethene, ethyne, propane, propene, butane, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formic acid, and methanol. To determine NMHC, measure ethane in addition to those same hydrocarbon species. Determine NMHC and NMNEHC as described in § 1065.660(b)(4) and (c)(3). (e) NMHC and NMNEHC determination from subtraction of CH 4 and C 2 H 6 from THC. Determine NMHC from subtraction of CH 4 from THC as described in § 1065.660(b)(3) and NMNEHC from subtraction of CH 4 and C 2 H 6 as described § 1065.660(c)(2). Determine CH 4 as described in § 1065.660(d)(2) and C 2 H 6 as described § 1065.660(e). (f) Interference verification. Perform interference verification for FTIR analyzers using the procedures of § 1065.366. Certain species can interfere with FTIR analyzers by causing a response similar to the hydrocarbon species of interest. When running the interference verification for these … | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.23.19 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.267 Gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector. | EPA | [76 FR 57442, Sept. 15, 2011, as amended at 79 FR 23761, Apr. 28, 2014; 81 FR 74163, Oct. 25, 2016; 89 FR 29796, Apr. 22, 2024] | (a) Application. You may use a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) to measure CH 4 and C 2 H 6 concentrations of diluted exhaust for batch sampling. While you may also use a nonmethane cutter to measure CH 4 , as described in § 1065.265, use a reference procedure based on a gas chromatograph for comparison with any proposed alternate measurement procedure under § 1065.10. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a GC-FID that meets the specifications in § 1065.205 and that the measurement be done according to SAE J1151 (incorporated by reference, see § 1065.1010). The GC-FID must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.23.20 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.269 Photoacoustic analyzer for ethanol and methanol. | EPA | [79 FR 23761, Apr. 28, 2014] | (a) Application. You may use a photoacoustic analyzer to measure ethanol and/or methanol concentrations in diluted exhaust for batch sampling. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a photoacoustic analyzer that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. Note that your photoacoustic system must meet the verification in § 1065.369 and it must also meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. Use an optical wheel configuration that gives analytical priority to measurement of the least stable components in the sample. Select a sample integration time of at least 5 seconds. Take into account sample chamber and sample line volumes when determining flush times for your instrument. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.24.21 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.270 Chemiluminescent NO | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37300, June 30, 2008; 76 FR 57442, Sept. 15, 2011; 79 FR 23761, Apr. 28, 2014] | (a) Application. You may use a chemiluminescent detector (CLD) to measure NO X concentration in raw or diluted exhaust for batch or continuous sampling. We generally accept a CLD for NO X measurement, even though it measures only NO and NO 2 , when coupled with an NO 2 -to-NO converter, since conventional engines and aftertreatment systems do not emit significant amounts of NO X species other than NO and NO 2 . Measure other NO X species if required by the standard-setting part. While you may also use other instruments to measure NO X , as described in § 1065.272, use a reference procedure based on a chemiluminescent detector for comparison with any proposed alternate measurement procedure under § 1065.10. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a CLD that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. Note that your CLD-based system must meet the quench verification in § 1065.370 and it must also meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. You may use a heated or unheated CLD, and you may use a CLD that operates at atmospheric pressure or under a vacuum. (c) NO 2 -to-NO converter. Place upstream of the CLD an internal or external NO 2 -to-NO converter that meets the verification in § 1065.378. Configure the converter with a bypass line if it is needed to facilitate this verification. (d) Humidity effects. You must maintain all CLD temperatures to prevent aqueous condensation. If you remove humidity from a sample upstream of a CLD, use one of the following configurations: (1) Connect a CLD downstream of any dryer or chiller that is downstream of an NO 2 -to-NO converter that meets the verification in § 1065.378. (2) Connect a CLD downstream of any dryer or thermal chiller that meets the verification in § 1065.376. (e) Response time. You may use a heated CLD to improve CLD response time. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.24.22 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.272 Nondispersive ultraviolet NO | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 59323, Oct. 8, 2008; 76 FR 57442, Sept. 15, 2011; 79 FR 23761, Apr. 28, 2014] | (a) Application. You may use a nondispersive ultraviolet (NDUV) analyzer to measure NO X concentration in raw or diluted exhaust for batch or continuous sampling. We generally accept an NDUV for NO X measurement, even though it measures only NO and NO 2 , since conventional engines and aftertreatment systems do not emit significant amounts of other NO X species. Measure other NO X species if required by the standard-setting part. Note that good engineering judgment may preclude you from using an NDUV analyzer if sampled exhaust from test engines contains oil (or other contaminants) in sufficiently high concentrations to interfere with proper operation. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use an NDUV analyzer that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. Note that your NDUV-based system must meet the verifications in § 1065.372 and it must also meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. (c) NO 2 -to-NO converter. If your NDUV analyzer measures only NO, place upstream of the NDUV analyzer an internal or external NO 2 -to-NO converter that meets the verification in § 1065.378. Configure the converter with a bypass to facilitate this verification. (d) Humidity effects. You must maintain NDUV temperature to prevent aqueous condensation, unless you use one of the following configurations: (1) Connect an NDUV downstream of any dryer or chiller that is downstream of an NO 2 -to-NO converter that meets the verification in § 1065.378. (2) Connect an NDUV downstream of any dryer or thermal chiller that meets the verification in § 1065.376. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.24.23 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.274 Zirconium dioxide (ZrO | EPA | [88 FR 4673, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Application. You may use a zirconia oxide (ZrO 2 ) analyzer to measure NO X in raw exhaust for field-testing engines. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a ZrO 2 analyzer that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. Note that your ZrO 2 -based system must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. (c) Species measured. The ZrO 2 -based system must be able to measure and report NO and NO 2 together as NO X . If the ZrO 2 -based system cannot measure all of the NO 2 , you may develop and apply correction factors based on good engineering judgment to account for this deficiency. (d) Interference. You must account for NH 3 interference with the NO X measurement. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.24.24 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.275 N | EPA | [74 FR 56512, Oct. 30, 2009, as amended at 76 FR 57443, Sept. 15, 2011; 78 FR 36398, June 17, 2013;79 FR 23761, Apr. 28, 2014; 81 FR 74163, Oct. 25, 2016; 86 FR 34536, June 29, 2021; 89 FR 29796, Apr. 22, 2024] | (a) General component requirements. We recommend that you use an analyzer that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. Note that your system must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. (b) Instrument types. You may use any of the following analyzers to measure N 2 O: (1) Nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer. (2) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyzer. Use appropriate analytical procedures for interpretation of infrared spectra. For example, EPA Test Method 320 in 40 CFR part 63, appendix A, and ASTM D6348 (incorporated by reference, see § 1065.1010) are considered valid methods for spectral interpretation. (3) Laser infrared analyzer. Examples of laser infrared analyzers are pulsed-mode high-resolution narrow band mid-infrared analyzers, and modulated continuous wave high-resolution narrow band mid-infrared analyzers. (4) Photoacoustic analyzer. Use an optical wheel configuration that gives analytical priority to measurement of the least stable components in the sample. Select a sample integration time of at least 5 seconds. Take into account sample chamber and sample line volumes when determining flush times for your instrument. (5) Gas chromatograph analyzer. You may use a gas chromatograph with an electron-capture detector (GC-ECD) to measure N 2 O concentrations of diluted exhaust for batch sampling. (i) You may use a packed or porous layer open tubular (PLOT) column phase of suitable polarity and length to achieve adequate resolution of the N 2 O peak for analysis. Examples of acceptable columns are a PLOT column consisting of bonded polystyrene-divinylbenzene or a Porapack Q packed column. Take the column temperature profile and carrier gas selection into consideration when setting up your method to achieve adequate N 2 O peak resolution. (ii) Use good engineering judgment to zero your instrument and correct for drift. You do not need to follow the specific procedures in §§ 1065.530 and 1065.550(b) that would otherwise apply. For example, you may perform a span gas measu… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.24.25 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.277 NH | EPA | [89 FR 29797, Apr. 22, 2024] | (a) General component requirements. We recommend that you use an analyzer that meets the specifications in § 1065.205. Note that your system must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. (b) Instrument types. You may use any of the following analyzers to measure NH 3 : (1) Nondispersive ultraviolet (NDUV) analyzer. (2) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyzer. Use appropriate analytical procedures for interpretation of infrared spectra. For example, EPA Test Method 320 (see § 1065.266(c)) and ASTM D6348 (incorporated by reference, see § 1065.1010) are considered valid methods for spectral interpretation. (3) Laser infrared analyzer. Examples of laser infrared analyzers are pulsed-mode high-resolution narrow-band mid-infrared analyzers, modulated continuous wave high-resolution narrow band near and mid-infrared analyzers, and modulated continuous-wave high-resolution near-infrared analyzers. A quantum cascade laser, for example, can emit coherent light in the mid-infrared region where NH 3 and other nitrogen compounds can effectively absorb the laser's energy. (c) Sampling system. Minimize NH 3 losses and sampling artifacts related to NH 3 adsorbing to surfaces by using sampling system components (sample lines, prefilters and valves) made of stainless steel or PTFE heated to (110 to 202) °C. If surface temperatures exceed ≥130 °C, take steps to prevent any DEF in the sample gas from thermally decomposing and hydrolyzing to form NH 3 . Use a sample line that is as short as practical. (d) Interference verification. Certain species can positively interfere with NDUV, FTIR, and laser infrared analyzers by causing a response similar to NH 3 . Perform interference verification as follows: (1) Perform SO 2 and H 2 O interference verification for NDUV analyzers using the procedures of § 1065.372, replacing occurances of NO X with NH 3 . NDUV analyzers must have combined interference that is within (0.0 ±2.0) µmol/mol. (2) Perform interference verification for FTIR and laser infrared analyzers … | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.25.26 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.280 Paramagnetic and magnetopneumatic O | EPA | [73 FR 37300, June 30, 2008, as amended at 76 FR 57443, Sept. 15, 2011;79 FR 23762, Apr. 28, 2014; 86 FR 34536, June 29, 2021; 89 FR 29797, Apr. 22, 2024] | (a) Application. You may use a paramagnetic detection (PMD) or magnetopneumatic detection (MPD) analyzer to measure O 2 concentration in raw or diluted exhaust for batch or continuous sampling. You may use good engineering judgment to develop calculations that use O 2 measurements with a chemical balance of fuel, DEF, intake air, and exhaust to calculate exhaust flow rate. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a PMD or MPD analyzer that meets the specifications in § 1065.205. Note that it must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.25.27 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.284 Zirconium dioxide (ZrO | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 76 FR 57443, Sept. 15, 2011; 79 FR 23762, Apr. 28, 2014; 89 FR 29797, Apr. 22, 2024] | (a) Application. You may use a zirconia (ZrO 2 ) analyzer to measure air-to-fuel ratio in raw exhaust for continuous sampling. You may use O 2 measurements with intake air or fuel flow measurements to calculate exhaust flow rate according to § 1065.650. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a ZrO 2 analyzer that meets the specifications in § 1065.205. Note that your ZrO 2 -based system must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.26.28 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.290 PM gravimetric balance. | EPA | [73 FR 37300, June 30, 2008, as amended at 75 FR 68462, Nov. 8, 2010] | (a) Application. Use a balance to weigh net PM on a sample medium for laboratory testing. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a balance that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. Note that your balance-based system must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. If the balance uses internal calibration weights for routine spanning and the weights do not meet the specifications in § 1065.790, the weights must be verified independently with external calibration weights meeting the requirements of § 1065.790. While you may also use an inertial balance to measure PM, as described in § 1065.295, use a reference procedure based on a gravimetric balance for comparison with any proposed alternate measurement procedure under § 1065.10. (c) Pan design. We recommend that you use a balance pan designed to minimize corner loading of the balance, as follows: (1) Use a pan that centers the PM sample media (such as a filter) on the weighing pan. For example, use a pan in the shape of a cross that has upswept tips that center the PM sample media on the pan. (2) Use a pan that positions the PM sample as low as possible. (d) Balance configuration. Configure the balance for optimum settling time and stability at your location. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.26.29 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.295 PM inertial balance for field-testing analysis. | EPA | [73 FR 59259, Oct. 8, 2008, as amended at 75 FR 68462, Nov. 8, 2010; 76 FR 57443, Sept. 15, 2011; 79 FR 23762, Apr. 28, 2014] | (a) Application. You may use an inertial balance to quantify net PM on a sample medium for field testing. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a balance that meets the specifications in Table 1 of § 1065.205. Note that your balance-based system must meet the linearity verification in § 1065.307. If the balance uses an internal calibration process for routine spanning and linearity verifications, the process must be NIST-traceable. (c) Loss correction. You may use PM loss corrections to account for PM loss in the inertial balance, including the sample handling system. (d) Deposition. You may use electrostatic deposition to collect PM as long as its collection efficiency is at least 95%. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.3.26.30 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | C | Subpart C—Measurement Instruments | § 1065.298 Correcting real-time PM measurement based on gravimetric PM filter measurement for field-testing analysis. | EPA | [88 FR 4673, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Application. You may quantify net PM on a sample medium for field testing with a continuous PM measurement with correction based on gravimetric PM filter measurement. (b) Measurement principles. Photoacoustic or electrical aerosol instruments used in field-testing typically under-report PM emissions. Apply the verifications and corrections described in this section to meet accuracy requirements. (c) Component requirements. (1) Gravimetric PM measurement must meet the laboratory measurement requirements of this part 1065, noting that there are specific exceptions to some laboratory requirements and specification for field testing given in § 1065.905(d)(2). In addition to those exceptions, field testing does not require you to verify proportional flow control as specified in § 1065.545. Note also that the linearity requirements of § 1065.307 apply only as specified in this section. (2) Check the calibration and linearity of the photoacoustic and electrical aerosol instruments according to the instrument manufacturer's instructions and the following recommendations: (i) For photoacoustic instruments we recommend one of the following: (A) Use a reference elemental carbon-based PM source to calibrate the instrument Verify the photoacoustic instrument by comparing results either to a gravimetric PM measurement collected on the filter or to an elemental carbon analysis of collected PM. (B) Use a light absorber that has a known amount of laser light absorption to periodically verify the instrument's calibration factor. Place the light absorber in the path of the laser beam. This verification checks the integrity of the microphone sensitivity, the power of the laser diode, and the performance of the analog-to-digital converter. (C) Verify that you meet the linearity requirements in Table 1 of § 1065.307 by generating a maximum reference PM mass concentration (verified gravimetrically) and then using partial-flow sampling to dilute to various evenly distributed concentrations. (ii) For electrical aerosol … | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.27.1 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.301 Overview and general provisions. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 88 FR 4673, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) This subpart describes required and recommended calibrations and verifications of measurement systems. See subpart C of this part for specifications that apply to individual instruments. (b) You must generally use complete measurement systems when performing calibrations or verifications in this subpart. For example, this would generally involve evaluating instruments based on values recorded with the complete system you use for recording test data, including analog-to-digital converters. For some calibrations and verifications, we may specify that you disconnect part of the measurement system to introduce a simulated signal. (c) If we do not specify a calibration or verification for a portion of a measurement system, calibrate that portion of your system and verify its performance at a frequency consistent with any recommendations from the measurement-system manufacturer, consistent with good engineering judgment. (d) Use NIST-traceable standards to the tolerances we specify for calibrations and verifications. Where we specify the need to use NIST-traceable standards, you may alternatively use international standards recognized by the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement that are not NIST-traceable. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.27.2 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.303 Summary of required calibration and verifications. | EPA | [86 FR 34536, June 29, 2021] | The following table summarizes the required and recommended calibrations and verifications described in this subpart and indicates when these have to be performed: Table 1 of § 1065.303—Summary of Required Calibration and Verifications a Perform calibrations and verifications more frequently than we specify, according to measurement system manufacturer instructions and good engineering judgment. b Perform linearity verification either for electrical power or for current and voltage. c Linearity verification is not required if DEF flow rate comes directly from the ECM signal as described in § 1065.247(b). d Linearity verification is not required if the flow signal's accuracy is verified by carbon balance error verification as described in § 1065.307(e)(5) or a propane check as described in § 1065.341. e CVS and PFD flow verification (propane check) is not required for measurement systems verified by linearity verification as described in § 1065.307 or carbon balance error verification as described in § 1065.341(h). | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.27.3 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.305 Verifications for accuracy, repeatability, and noise. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37301, June 30, 2008; 75 FR 23037, Apr. 30, 2010; 79 FR 23763, Apr. 28, 2014; 88 FR 4673, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) This section describes how to determine the accuracy, repeatability, and noise of an instrument. Table 1 of § 1065.205 specifies recommended values for individual instruments. (b) We do not require you to verify instrument accuracy, repeatability, or noise. However, it may be useful to consider these verifications to define a specification for a new instrument, to verify the performance of a new instrument upon delivery, or to troubleshoot an existing instrument. (c) In this section we use the letter “ y ” to denote a generic measured quantity, the superscript over-bar to denote an arithmetic mean (such as y ), and the subscript “ ref ” to denote the reference quantity being measured. (d) Conduct these verifications as follows: (1) Prepare an instrument so it operates at its specified temperatures, pressures, and flows. Perform any instrument linearization or calibration procedures prescribed by the instrument manufacturer. (2) Zero the instrument as you would before an emission test by introducing a zero signal. Depending on the instrument, this may be a zero-concentration gas, a reference signal, a set of reference thermodynamic conditions, or some combination of these. For gas analyzers, use a zero gas that meets the specifications of § 1065.750. (3) Span the instrument as you would before an emission test by introducing a span signal. Depending on the instrument, this may be a span-concentration gas, a reference signal, a set of reference thermodynamic conditions, or some combination of these. For gas analyzers, use a span gas that meets the specifications of § 1065.750. (4) Use the instrument to quantify a NIST-traceable reference quantity, y ref . For gas analyzers the reference gas must meet the specifications of § 1065.750. Select a reference quantity near the mean value expected during testing. For all gas analyzers, use a quantity near the flow-weighted mean concentration expected at the standard or expected during testing, whichever is greater. For noise verification, use the same zero … | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.27.4 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.307 Linearity verification. | EPA | [79 FR 23763, Apr. 28, 2014, as amended at 86 FR 34538, June 29, 2021; 87 FR 64865, Oct. 26, 2022; 88 FR 4673, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Scope and frequency. Perform linearity verification on each measurement system listed in Table 1 of this section at least as frequently as indicated in Table 1 of § 1065.303, consistent with measurement system manufacturer's recommendations and good engineering judgment. The intent of linearity verification is to determine that a measurement system responds accurately and proportionally over the measurement range of interest. Linearity verification generally consists of introducing a series of at least 10 reference values to a measurement system. The measurement system quantifies each reference value. The measured values are then collectively compared to the reference values by using a least-squares linear regression and the linearity criteria specified in Table 1 of this section. (b) Performance requirements. If a measurement system does not meet the applicable linearity criteria referenced in Table 1 of this section, correct the deficiency by re-calibrating, servicing, or replacing components as needed. Repeat the linearity verification after correcting the deficiency to ensure that the measurement system meets the linearity criteria. Before you may use a measurement system that does not meet linearity criteria, you must demonstrate to us that the deficiency does not adversely affect your ability to demonstrate compliance with the applicable standards in this chapter. (c) Procedure. Use the following linearity verification protocol, or use good engineering judgment to develop a different protocol that satisfies the intent of this section, as described in paragraph (a) of this section: (1) In this paragraph (c), the letter “y” denotes a generic measured quantity, the superscript over-bar denotes an arithmetic mean (such as y ), and the subscript “ ref ” denotes the known or reference quantity being measured. (2) Use good engineering judgment to operate a measurement system at normal operating conditions. This may include any specified adjustment or periodic calibration of the measurement system.… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.27.5 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.308 Continuous gas analyzer system-response and updating-recording verification—for gas analyzers not continuously compensated for other gas species. | EPA | [73 FR 59325, Oct. 8, 2008, as amended at 79 FR 23766, Apr. 28, 2014; 88 FR 4674, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Scope and frequency. This section describes a verification procedure for system response and updating-recording frequency for continuous gas analyzers that output a gas species mole fraction (i.e., concentration) using a single gas detector, i.e., gas analyzers not continuously compensated for other gas species measured with multiple gas detectors. See § 1065.309 for verification procedures that apply to continuous gas analyzers that are continuously compensated for other gas species measured with multiple gas detectors. Perform this verification to determine the system response of the continuous gas analyzer and its sampling system. This verification is required for continuous gas analyzers used for transient or ramped-modal testing. You need not perform this verification for batch gas analyzer systems or for continuous gas analyzer systems that are used only for discrete-mode testing. Perform this verification after initial installation (i.e., test cell commissioning) and after any modifications to the system that would change system response. For example, perform this verification if you add a significant volume to the transfer lines by increasing their length or adding a filter; or if you reduce the frequency at which the gas analyzer updates its output or the frequency at which you sample and record gas-analyzer concentrations. (b) Measurement principles. This test verifies that the updating and recording frequencies match the overall system response to a rapid change in the value of concentrations at the sample probe. Gas analyzers and their sampling systems must be optimized such that their overall response to a rapid change in concentration is updated and recorded at an appropriate frequency to prevent loss of information. This test also verifies that the measurement system meets a minimum response time. You may use the results of this test to determine transformation time, t 50 , for the purposes of time alignment of continuous data in accordance with § 1065.650(c)(2)(i). You may also use an al… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.27.6 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.309 Continuous gas analyzer system-response and updating-recording verification—for gas analyzers continuously compensated for other gas species. | EPA | [73 FR 59326, Oct. 8, 2008, as amended at 75 FR 23039, Apr. 30, 2010; 79 FR 23767, Apr. 28, 2014; 86 FR 34541, June 29, 2021; 88 FR 4674, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Scope and frequency. This section describes a verification procedure for system response and updating-recording frequency for continuous gas analyzers that output a single gas species mole fraction (i.e., concentration) based on a continuous combination of multiple gas species measured with multiple detectors (i.e., gas analyzers continuously compensated for other gas species). See § 1065.308 for verification procedures that apply to continuous gas analyzers that are not continuously compensated for other gas species or that use only one detector for gaseous species. Perform this verification to determine the system response of the continuous gas analyzer and its sampling system. This verification is required for continuous gas analyzers used for transient or ramped-modal testing. You need not perform this verification for batch gas analyzers or for continuous gas analyzers that are used only for discrete-mode testing. For this check we consider water vapor a gaseous constituent. This verification does not apply to any processing of individual analyzer signals that are time-aligned to their t 50 times and were verified according to § 1065.308. For example, this verification does not apply to correction for water removed from the sample done in post-processing according to § 1065.659 (40 CFR 1066.620 for vehicle testing) and it does not apply to NMHC determination from THC and CH 4 according to § 1065.660. Perform this verification after initial installation (i.e., test cell commissioning) and after any modifications to the system that would change the system response. (b) Measurement principles. This procedure verifies that the updating and recording frequencies match the overall system response to a rapid change in the value of concentrations at the sample probe. It indirectly verifies the time-alignment and uniform response of all the continuous gas detectors used to generate a continuously combined/compensated concentration measurement signal. Gas analyzer systems must be optimized such that their o… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.27.7 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.310 Torque calibration. | EPA | [79 FR 23768, Apr. 28, 2014] | (a) Scope and frequency. Calibrate all torque-measurement systems including dynamometer torque measurement transducers and systems upon initial installation and after major maintenance. Use good engineering judgment to repeat the calibration. Follow the torque transducer manufacturer's instructions for linearizing your torque sensor's output. We recommend that you calibrate the torque-measurement system with a reference force and a lever arm. (b) Recommended procedure to quantify lever-arm length. Quantify the lever-arm length, NIST-traceable within ±0.5% uncertainty. The lever arm's length must be measured from the centerline of the dynamometer to the point at which the reference force is measured. The lever arm must be perpendicular to gravity (i.e., horizontal), and it must be perpendicular to the dynamometer's rotational axis. Balance the lever arm's torque or quantify its net hanging torque, NIST-traceable within ±1% uncertainty, and account for it as part of the reference torque. (c) Recommended procedure to quantify reference force. We recommend dead-weight calibration, but you may use either of the following procedures to quantify the reference force, NIST-traceable within ±0.5% uncertainty. (1) Dead-weight calibration. This technique applies a known force by hanging known weights at a known distance along a lever arm. Make sure the weights' lever arm is perpendicular to gravity (i.e., horizontal) and perpendicular to the dynamometer's rotational axis. Apply at least six calibration-weight combinations for each applicable torque-measuring range, spacing the weight quantities about equally over the range. Oscillate or rotate the dynamometer during calibration to reduce frictional static hysteresis. Determine each weight's reference force by multiplying its NIST-traceable mass by the local acceleration of Earth's gravity, as described in § 1065.630. Calculate the reference torque as the weights' reference force multiplied by the lever arm reference length. (2) Strain gage, load transducer, or p… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.27.8 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.315 Pressure, temperature, and dewpoint calibration. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37305, June 30, 2008; 75 FR 23040, Apr. 30, 2010; 79 FR 23768, Apr. 28, 2014; 88 FR 4674, Jan. 24, 2023; 89 FR 29797, Apr. 22, 2024] | (a) Calibrate instruments for measuring pressure, temperature, and dewpoint upon initial installation. Follow the instrument manufacturer's instructions and use good engineering judgment to repeat the calibration, as follows: (1) Pressure. We recommend temperature-compensated, digital-pneumatic, or deadweight pressure calibrators, with data-logging capabilities to minimize transcription errors. We recommend using calibration reference quantities that are NIST-traceable within ±0.5% uncertainty. (2) Temperature. We recommend digital dry-block or stirred-liquid temperature calibrators, with data logging capabilities to minimize transcription errors. We recommend using calibration reference quantities for absolute temperature that are NIST-traceable within ±0.5% uncertainty. You may perform linearity verification for temperature measurement systems with thermocouples, RTDs, and thermistors by removing the sensor from the system and using a simulator in its place. Use a NIST-traceable simulator that is independently calibrated and, as appropriate, cold-junction compensated. The simulator uncertainty scaled to absolute temperature must be less than 0.5% of T max. If you use this option, you must use sensors that the supplier states are accurate to better than 0.5% of T max compared with their standard calibration curve. (3) Dewpoint. We recommend a minimum of three different temperature-equilibrated and temperature-monitored calibration salt solutions in containers that seal completely around the dewpoint sensor. We recommend using calibration reference quantities for absolute dewpoint temperature that are NIST-traceable within ±0.5% uncertainty. (b) You may remove system components for off-site calibration. We recommend specifying calibration reference quantities that are NIST-traceable within ±0.5% uncertainty. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.28.10 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.325 Intake-flow calibration. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 88 FR 4675, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Calibrate intake-air flow meters upon initial installation. Follow the instrument manufacturer's instructions and use good engineering judgment to repeat the calibration. We recommend using a calibration subsonic venturi, ultrasonic flow meter or laminar flow element. We recommend using calibration reference quantities that are NIST-traceable within ±0.5% uncertainty. (b) You may remove system components for off-site calibration. When installing a flow meter with an off-site calibration, we recommend that you consider the effects of the tubing configuration upstream and downstream of the flow meter. We recommend specifying calibration reference quantities that are NIST-traceable within ±0.5% uncertainty. (c) If you use a subsonic venturi or ultrasonic flow meter for intake flow measurement, we recommend that you calibrate it as described in § 1065.340. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.28.11 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.330 Exhaust-flow calibration. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 88 FR 4675, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Calibrate exhaust-flow meters upon initial installation. Follow the instrument manufacturer's instructions and use good engineering judgment to repeat the calibration. We recommend that you use a calibration subsonic venturi or ultrasonic flow meter and simulate exhaust temperatures by incorporating a heat exchanger between the calibration meter and the exhaust-flow meter. If you can demonstrate that the flow meter to be calibrated is insensitive to exhaust temperatures, you may use other reference meters such as laminar flow elements, which are not commonly designed to withstand typical raw exhaust temperatures. We recommend using calibration reference quantities that are NIST-traceable within ±0.5% uncertainty. (b) You may remove system components for off-site calibration. When installing a flow meter with an off-site calibration, we recommend that you consider the effects of the tubing configuration upstream and downstream of the flow meter. We recommend specifying calibration reference quantities that are NIST-traceable within ±0.5% uncertainty. (c) If you use a subsonic venturi or ultrasonic flow meter for raw exhaust flow measurement, we recommend that you calibrate it as described in § 1065.340. | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.28.12 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.340 Diluted exhaust flow (CVS) calibration. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 73 FR 37305, June 30, 2008; 75 FR 68463, Nov. 8, 2010; 76 FR 57445, Sept. 15, 2011; 81 FR 74165, Oct. 25, 2016] | (a) Overview. This section describes how to calibrate flow meters for diluted exhaust constant-volume sampling (CVS) systems. (b) Scope and frequency. Perform this calibration while the flow meter is installed in its permanent position, except as allowed in paragraph (c) of this section. Perform this calibration after you change any part of the flow configuration upstream or downstream of the flow meter that may affect the flow-meter calibration. Perform this calibration upon initial CVS installation and whenever corrective action does not resolve a failure to meet the diluted exhaust flow verification ( i.e. , propane check) in § 1065.341. (c) Ex-situ CFV and SSV calibration. You may remove a CFV or SSV from its permanent position for calibration as long as it meets the following requirements when installed in the CVS: (1) Upon installation of the CFV or SSV into the CVS, use good engineering judgment to verify that you have not introduced any leaks between the CVS inlet and the venturi. (2) After ex-situ venturi calibration, you must verify all venturi flow combinations for CFVs or at minimum of 10 flow points for an SSV using the propane check as described in § 1065.341. Your propane check result for each venturi flow point may not exceed the tolerance in § 1065.341(f)(5). (3) To verify your ex-situ calibration for a CVS with more than a single CFV, perform the following check to verify that there are no flow meter entrance effects that can prevent you from passing this verification. (i) Use a constant flow device like a CFO kit to deliver a constant flow of propane to the dilution tunnel. (ii) Measure hydrocarbon concentrations at a minimum of 10 separate flow rates for an SSV flow meter, or at all possible flow combinations for a CFV flow meter, while keeping the flow of propane constant. We recommend selecting CVS flow rates in a random order. (iii) Measure the concentration of hydrocarbon background in the dilution air at the beginning and end of this test. Subtract the average background con… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.28.13 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.341 CVS and PFD flow verification (propane check). | EPA | [86 FR 34541, June 29, 2021, as amended at 88 FR 4675, Jan. 24, 2023; 89 FR 29797, Apr. 22, 2024] | This section describes two optional methods, using propane as a tracer gas, to verify CVS and PFD flow streams. You may use good engineering judgment and safe practices to use other tracer gases, such as CO 2 or CO. The first method, described in paragraphs (a) through (e) of this section, applies for the CVS diluted exhaust flow measurement system. The first method may also apply for other single-flow measurement systems as described in Table 2 of § 1065.307. Paragraph (g) of this section describes a second method you may use to verify flow measurements in a PFD for determining the PFD dilution ratio. (a) A propane check uses either a reference mass or a reference flow rate of C 3 H 8 as a tracer gas in a CVS. Note that if you use a reference flow rate, account for any non-ideal gas behavior of C 3 H 8 in the reference flow meter. Refer to §§ 1065.640 and 1065.642, which describe how to calibrate and use certain flow meters. Do not use any ideal gas assumptions in §§ 1065.640 and 1065.642. The propane check compares the calculated mass of injected C 3 H 8 using HC measurements and CVS flow rate measurements with the reference value. (b) Prepare for the propane check as follows: (1) If you use a reference mass of C 3 H 8 instead of a reference flow rate, obtain a cylinder charged with C 3 H 8 . Determine the reference cylinder's mass of C 3 H 8 within ±0.5% of the amount of C 3 H 8 that you expect to use. You may substitute a C 3 H 8 analytical gas mixture (i.e., a prediluted tracer gas) for pure C 3 H 8 . This would be most appropriate for lower flow rates. The analytical gas mixture must meet the specifications in § 1065.750(a)(3). (2) Select appropriate flow rates for the CVS and C 3 H 8 . (3) Select a C 3 H 8 injection port in the CVS. Select the port location to be as close as practical to the location where you introduce engine exhaust into the CVS, or at some point in the laboratory exhaust tubing upstream of this location. Connect the C 3 H 8 cylinder to the injection system. (4) Operate a… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.28.14 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.342 Sample dryer verification. | EPA | [73 FR 37307, June 30, 2008, as amended at 73 FR 59328, Oct. 8, 2008; 75 FR 23040, Apr. 30, 2010; 86 FR 34543, June 29, 2021] | (a) Scope and frequency. If you use a sample dryer as allowed in § 1065.145(e)(2) to remove water from the sample gas, verify the performance upon installation, after major maintenance, for thermal chiller. For osmotic membrane dryers, verify the performance upon installation, after major maintenance, and within 35 days of testing. (b) Measurement principles. Water can inhibit an analyzer's ability to properly measure the exhaust component of interest and thus is sometimes removed before the sample gas reaches the analyzer. For example water can negatively interfere with a CLD's NO X response through collisional quenching and can positively interfere with an NDIR analyzer by causing a response similar to CO. (c) System requirements. The sample dryer must meet the specifications as determined in § 1065.145(e)(2) for dewpoint, T dew , and absolute pressure, p total , downstream of the osmotic-membrane dryer or thermal chiller. (d) Sample dryer verification procedure. Use the following method to determine sample dryer performance. Run this verification with the dryer and associated sampling system operating in the same manner you will use for emission testing (including operation of sample pumps). You may run this verification test on multiple sample dryers sharing the same sampling system at the same time. You may run this verification on the sample dryer alone, but you must use the maximum gas flow rate expected during testing. You may use good engineering judgment to develop a different protocol. (1) Use PTFE or stainless steel tubing to make necessary connections. (2) Humidify room air, purified N 2 , or purified air by bubbling it through distilled H 2 O in a sealed vessel or use a device that injects distilled H 2 O as vapor into a controlled gas flow to humidify the gas to the highest sample H 2 O content that you estimate during emission sampling. (3) Introduce the humidified gas upstream of the sample dryer. You may disconnect the transfer line from the probe and introduce the humidified ga… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.28.15 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.345 Vacuum-side leak verification. | EPA | [73 FR 37307, June 30, 2008, as amended at 73 FR 59328, Oct. 8, 2008; 75 FR 23040, Apr. 30, 2010; 81 FR 74167, Oct. 25, 2016; 88 FR 4675, Jan. 24, 2023] | (a) Scope and frequency. Verify that there are no significant vacuum-side leaks using one of the leak tests described in this section. For laboratory testing, perform the vacuum-side leak verification upon initial sampling system installation, within 8 hours before the start of the first test interval of each duty-cycle sequence, and after maintenance such as pre-filter changes. For field testing, perform the vacuum-side leak verification after each installation of the sampling system on the vehicle, prior to the start of the field test, and after maintenance such as pre-filter changes. This verification does not apply to any full-flow portion of a CVS dilution system. (b) Measurement principles. A leak may be detected either by measuring a small amount of flow when there should be zero flow, or by detecting the dilution of a known concentration of span gas when it flows through the vacuum side of a sampling system. (c) Low-flow leak test. Test a sampling system for low-flow leaks as follows: (1) Seal the probe end of the system by taking one of the following steps: (i) Cap or plug the end of the sample probe. (ii) Disconnect the transfer line at the probe and cap or plug the transfer line. (iii) Close a leak-tight valve located in the sample transfer line within 92 cm of the probe. (2) Operate all vacuum pumps. After stabilizing, verify that the flow through the vacuum-side of the sampling system is less than 0.5% of the system's normal in-use flow rate. You may estimate typical analyzer and bypass flows as an approximation of the system's normal in-use flow rate. (d) Dilution-of-span-gas leak test. You may use any gas analyzer for this test. If you use a FID for this test, correct for any HC contamination in the sampling system according to § 1065.660. If you use an O 2 analyzer described in § 1065.280 for this test, you may use purified N 2 to detect a leak. To avoid misleading results from this test, we recommend using only analyzers that have a repeatability of 0.5% or better at the referen… | |||
| 40:40:37.0.1.1.2.4.28.9 | 40 | Protection of Environment | I | U | 1065 | PART 1065—ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES | D | Subpart D—Calibrations and Verifications | § 1065.320 Fuel-flow calibration. | EPA | [70 FR 40516, July 13, 2005, as amended at 86 FR 34541, June 29, 2021; 88 FR 4674, Jan. 24. 2023] | (a) Calibrate fuel-flow meters upon initial installation. Follow the instrument manufacturer's instructions and use good engineering judgment to repeat the calibration. (b) [Reserved] (c) You may remove system components for off-site calibration. When installing a flow meter with an off-site calibration, we recommend that you consider the effects of the tubing configuration upstream and downstream of the flow meter. We recommend specifying calibration reference quantities that are NIST-traceable within ±0.5% uncertainty. |
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