section_id,title_number,title_name,chapter,subchapter,part_number,part_name,subpart,subpart_name,section_number,section_heading,agency,authority,source_citation,amendment_citations,full_text 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.1.1.1,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,A,Subpart A—General,,§ 3280.1 Scope.,HUD,,,"[58 FR 55002, Oct. 25, 1993]","This standard covers all equipment and installations in the design, construction, transportation, fire safety, plumbing, heat-producing and electrical systems of manufactured homes which are designed to be used as dwelling units. This standard seeks to the maximum extent possible to establish performance requirements. In certain instances, however, the use of specific requirements is necessary." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.1.1.10,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,A,Subpart A—General,,§ 3280.10 Use of alternative construction.,HUD,,,"[58 FR 55003, Oct. 25, 1993]",Requests for alternative construction can be made pursuant to 24 CFR 3282.14 of this chapter. 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.1.1.11,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,A,Subpart A—General,,§ 3280.11 Certification label.,HUD,,,"[42 FR 960, Jan. 4, 1977. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 52 FR 47553, Dec. 15, 1987. Redesignated and amended at 58 FR 55003, Oct. 25, 1993; 86 FR 2517, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) A permanent label shall be affixed to each transportable section of each manufactured home for sale or lease in the United States. This label shall be separate and distinct from the data plate which the manufacturer is required to provide under § 3280.5 of the standards. (b) The label shall be approximately 2 in. by 4 in. in size and shall be permanently attached to the manufactured home by means of 4 blind rivets, drive screws, or other means that render it difficult to remove without defacing it. It shall be etched on 0.32 in. thick aluminum plate. The label number shall be etched or stamped with a 3 letter designation which identifies the production inspection primary inspection agency and which the Secretary shall assign. Each label shall be marked with a 6 digit number which the label supplier shall furnish. The labels shall be stamped with numbers sequentially. (c) The label shall read as follows: As evidenced by this label No. ABC 000001, the manufacturer certifies to the best of the manufacturer's knowledge and belief that this manufactured home has been inspected in accordance with the requirements of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and is constructed in conformance with the Federal manufactured home construction and safety standards in effect on the date of manufacture. See date plate. As evidenced by this label No. ABC 000001, the manufacturer certifies to the best of the manufacturer's knowledge and belief that this manufactured home has been inspected in accordance with the requirements of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and is constructed in conformance with the Federal manufactured home construction and safety standards in effect on the date of manufacture. See date plate. (d) The label must be located at the taillight end of each transportable section of the manufactured home approximately 1 foot up from the floor and 1 foot in from the road side, or as near that location on a permanent part of the exterior of the manufactured home section as practicable. The road side is the right side of the manufactured home when one views the manufactured home from the tow bar end of the manufactured home. If locating the label on the taillight end of a transportable section will prevent the label from being visible after the manufactured home section is installed at the installation site, the label must be installed on a permanent part of the exterior of the manufactured home section, in a visible location as specified in the approved design." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.1.1.2,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,A,Subpart A—General,,§ 3280.2 Definitions.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975, as amended at 42 FR 960, Jan. 4, 1977. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 47 FR 28092, June 29, 1982; 58 FR 55002, Oct. 25, 1993; 61 FR 5216, Feb. 9, 1996; 72 FR 27228, May 14, 2007; 86 FR 2516, Jan. 12, 2021; 89 FR 75737, Sept. 16, 2024]","Definitions in this subpart are those common to all subparts of the standard and are in addition to the definitions provided in individual parts. The definitions are as follows: Approved, when used in connection with any material, appliance or construction, means complying with the requirements of the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Attached accessory building or structure means any awning, cabana, deck, ramada, storage cabinet, carport, windbreak, garage or porch for which the attachment of such is designed by the home manufacturer to be structurally supported by the manufactured home. Bay window —a window assembly whose maximum horizontal projection is not more than two feet from the plane of an exterior wall and is elevated above the floor level of the home. Certification label means the approved form of certification by the manufacturer that, under § 3280.11, is permanently affixed to each transportable section of each manufactured home manufactured for sale in the United States. Dwelling means any structure that contains one to a maximum of four dwelling units, designed to be permanently occupied for residential living purposes. Dwelling unit means a single unit that provides complete independent living facilities for one or more persons, where the occupancy is primarily permanent in nature, including permanent provisions for separate living, sleeping, cooking, eating, and sanitation. Equipment includes materials, appliances, devices, fixtures, fittings or accessories both in the construction of, and in the fire safety, plumbing, heat-producing and electrical systems of manufactured homes. Federal manufactured home construction and safety standard means a reasonable standard for the construction, design, and performance of a manufactured home which meets the needs of the public including the need for quality, durability, and safety. Installations means all arrangements and methods of construction, as well as fire safety, plumbing, heat-producing and electrical systems used in manufactured homes. Labeled means a label, symbol or other identifying mark of a nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency, or other organization concerned with product evaluation that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials, and by whose labeling is indicated compliance with nationally recognized standards or tests to determine suitable usage in a specified manner. Length of a manufactured home means its largest overall length in the traveling mode, including cabinets and other projections which contain interior space. Length does not include bay windows, roof projections, overhangs, or eaves under which there is no interior space, nor does it include drawbars, couplings or hitches. Listed or certified means included in a list published by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency, or other organization concerned with product evaluation that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials, and whose listing states either that the equipment or material meets nationally recognized standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified manner. Manufacturer means any person engaged in manufacturing or assembling manufactured homes, including any person engaged in importing manufactured homes for resale. Manufactured home means a structure, transportable in one or more sections, which in the traveling mode is 8 body feet or more in width or 40 body feet or more in length or which when erected on-site is 320 or more square feet, and which is built on a permanent chassis and designed to be used as a dwelling with or without a permanent foundation when connected to the required utilities, and includes the plumbing, heating, air-conditioning, and electrical systems contained in the structure. This term includes all structures that meet the above requirements except the size requirements and with respect to which the manufacturer voluntarily files a certification pursuant to § 3282.13 of this chapter and complies with the construction and safety standards set forth in this part 3280. The term does not include any self-propelled recreational vehicle. Calculations used to determine the number of square feet in a structure will include the total of square feet for each transportable section comprising the completed structure and will be based on the structure's exterior dimensions measured at the largest horizontal projections when erected on site. These dimensions will include all expandable rooms, cabinets, and other projections containing interior space, but do not include bay windows. Nothing in this definition should be interpreted to mean that a manufactured home necessarily meets the requirements of HUD's Minimum Property Standards (HUD Handbook 4900.1) or that it is automatically eligible for financing under 12 U.S.C. 1709(b). Manufactured home construction means all activities relating to the assembly and manufacture of a manufactured home including, but not limited to, those relating to durability, quality and safety. Manufactured home safety means the performance of a manufactured home in such a manner that the public is protected against any unreasonable risk of the occurrence of accidents due to the design or construction of such manufactured home, or any unreasonable risk of death or injury to the user or to the public if such accidents do occur. Multipurpose fire sprinkler system means a system that supplies domestic water to both plumbing fixtures and fire sprinklers. Registered Engineer or Architect means a person licensed to practice engineering or architecture in a state and subject to all laws and limitations imposed by the state's Board of Engineering and Architecture Examiners and who is engaged in the professional practice of rendering service or creative work requiring education, training and experience in engineering sciences and the application of special knowledge of the mathematical, physical and engineering sciences in such professional or creative work as consultation, investigation, evaluation, planning or design and supervision of construction for the purpose of securing compliance with specifications and design for any such work. Secretary means the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, or an official of the Department delegated the authority of the Secretary with respect to title VI of Pub. L. 93-383. Stand-alone fire sprinkler system means a system that is separate and independent from the water distribution system. State includes each of the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, the Canal Zone, and American Samoa. Water resistive barrier means a material behind the exterior wall covering that is intended to prevent liquid water that has penetrated behind the exterior covering from intruding further into the exterior wall assembly. Width of a manufactured home means its largest overall width in the traveling mode, including cabinets and other projections which contain interior space. Width does not include bay windows, roof projections, overhangs, or eaves under which there is no interior space." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.1.1.3,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,A,Subpart A—General,,"§ 3280.3 Manufactured home procedural and enforcement regulations, and consumer manual requirements.",HUD,,,"[86 FR 2516, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) A manufacturer must comply with the requirements of this part, part 3282 of this chapter, and 42 U.S.C. 5416. (b) Consumer manuals must be in accordance with § 3282.207 of this chapter." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.1.1.4,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,A,Subpart A—General,,§ 3280.4 Incorporation by reference.,HUD,,,"[78 FR 73976, Dec. 9, 2013, as amended at 79 FR 31863, June 3, 2014; 85 FR 5566, Jan. 31, 2020; 86 FR 2516, Jan. 12, 2021; 89 FR 75737, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a)(1) Certain material is incorporated by reference in this part with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. To enforce any edition other than that specified in this section, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (Department) must publish a document in the Federal Register and the material must be available to the public. All approved incorporation by reference (IBR) material is available for inspection at the Department and at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Contact the Department at: Office of Manufactured Housing Programs, 451 Seventh Street SW, Washington, DC 20410; email mhs@hud.gov; (202) 402-2698. For information on the availability of this material at NARA, visit www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations or email fr.inspection@nara.gov. (2) The IBR material may be obtained from the sources in this paragraph (a)(2) or from one or more private resellers listed in this paragraph (a)(2). For material that is no longer commercially available, contact the Office of Manufactured Housing Programs (see paragraph (a)(1) of this section). (i) Accuris Standards Store, phone: (800) 332-6077; website: https://store.accuristech.com. (ii) American National Standards Institute (see paragraph (h) of this section). (iii) EverySpec LLC, 710 Lake Louise Ct., Gibsonia, PA 10544; website: http://everyspec.com. (Government and military standards only.) (iv) GlobalSpec, 257 Fuller Road, Suite NFE 1100, Albany, NY 12203-3621; phone: (800) 261-2052; website: https://standards.globalspec.com. (v) Nimonik Document Center, 401 Roland Way, Suite 224, Oakland, CA, 94624; phone (650)591-7600; email: info@document-center.com; website: www.document-center.com. (b) Air Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration Institute (AHRI), 2311 Wilson Blvd., Suite 400, Arlington, VA 22201; telephone: 703-524-8800; fax: 703-528-3816; website: www.ahrinet.org. (1) ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240-2008 with Addenda 1 and 2, 2008 Standard for Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment, ANSI-approved December 2012; IBR approved for §§ 3280.511(b); 3280.703(d); 3280.714(a). (2) [Reserved] (c) Aluminum Association (AA), 1525 Wilson Blvd., Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22209; telephone: 703-358-2960; fax: 703-358-3921; website: www.aluminum.org. (1) Aluminum Design Manual, Specifications and Guidelines for Aluminum Structures, Part 1-A, Sixth Edition, October 1994; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (2) Aluminum Design Manual, Specifications and Guidelines for Aluminum Structures, Part 1-B, First Edition, October 1994; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (d) American Forest and Paper Association (AFPA), 1101 K Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20005; telephone: 202-463-2700; website: www.afandpa.org. (1) AFPA, Wood Structural Design Data, 1986 Edition with 1992 Revisions; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (2) [Reserved] (e) American Gas Association (AGA), 400 North Capitol Street NW, Washington, DC 20001: telephone: 202-824-7000; website: www.aga.org. (1) AGA No. 3-87, Requirements for Gas Connectors for Connection of Fixed Appliances for Outdoor Installation, Park Trailers, and Manufactured (Mobile) Homes to the Gas Supply; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). (2) [Reserved] (f) American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), 130 East Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601-6219; telephone: 312-670-2400; fax: 312-626-2402; website: www.aisc.org. (1) ANSI/AISC 360-10, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, Second Printing: February 2012 (AISC 360-10); IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.305(j). (2) [Reserved] (g) American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 25 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20001; telephone: 202-452-7100; website: www.steel.org. (1) AISI S100-12, North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, 2012 Edition, 2nd Printing—June 2014, including AISI S100-12-E3 errata dated December 10, 2014; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.305(j). (2) [Reserved] (h) American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10018; telephone: 212-642-4900; fax: 212-398-0023; website: www.ansi.org. (1) ANSI A112.14.1-1975, Backflow Valves; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (2) ANSI A112.19.5-1979, Trim for Water Closet, Bowls, Tanks, and Urinals; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (3) ANSI/AITC A190.1-1992, For wood products—Structural Glued Laminated Timber; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (4) ANSI A208.2-2002, Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) For Interior Applications, approved May 13, 2002; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (5) ANSI B16.18-1984, Cast Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Pressure Fittings; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (6) ANSI C72.1-1972, section 4.3.1, Household Automatic Electric Storage Type Water Heaters; IBR approved for § 3280.707(d). (7) ANSI Z21.22-1999, Relief Valves for Hot Water Supply Systems; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(d). (8) ANSI Z34.1-1993, Third-Party Certification Programs for Products, Processes, and Services; IBR approved for §§ 3280.403(e); 3280.405(e). (9) ANSI Z97.1-2009 e , American National Standard for safety glazing materials used in buildings—safety performance specifications and methods of test, approved November 2009; IBR approved for §§ 3280.113(d); 3280.304(b); 3280.403(d); 3280.604(c); 3280.607(b); 3280.703(d). (10) ANSI Z124.1-1987, Plastic Bathtub Units with Addendum Z124.1a-1990 and Z124.1b-1991; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (11) ANSI Z124.2-1987, Plastic Shower Receptors and Shower Stalls with Addendum Z124.2a-1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (12) ANSI Z124.3-1986, Plastic Lavatories with Addendum Z124.3a-1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (13) ANSI Z124.4-1986, Plastic Water Closets, Bowls, and Tanks with Addenda Z124.4a-1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (14) ANSI Z124.5-1997, Plastic Toilet (Water Closets) Seats; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (15) ANSI Z124.7-1997, Prefabricated Plastic Spa Shells; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (16) ANSI Z-124.9-1994, Plastic Urinal Fixtures; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (i) American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191; telephone: 800-548-2723; website: www.asce.org. (1) ANSI/ASCE 7-88, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, IBR approved for §§ 3280.5(f); 3280.304(b); 3280.305(c). (2) SEI/ASCE 8-02, Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members, 2002; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.305(j). (3) ASCE 19-96, Structural Applications of Steel Cables for Buildings; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (j) American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329; telephone: 404-636-8400; fax: 404-321-5478; website: www.ashrae.org/home/. (1) 1997 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, chapters 22 through 27, (except for the following parts of this standard that are not incorporated by reference: 23.1 Steel Frame Construction; 23.2 Masonry Construction; 23.3 Foundations and Floor Systems; 23.15 Pipes; 23.17 Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment; 23.18 Refrigerated Rooms and Buildings; 24.18 Mechanical and Industrial Systems; 25.19 Commercial Building Envelope Leakage; 27.9 Calculation of Heat Loss from Crawl Spaces), Inch-Pound Edition, 1997; IBR approved for §§ 3280.508(a) and (e); 3280.511(a). (2) ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings, approved January 30, 2013 (ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2); IBR approved for §§ 3280.103(d) and (e); 3280.703(d). (k) American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990; telephone: 800-843-2763; website: www.asme.org/. (1) ASME A112.1.2-1991, Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (2) ANSI/ASME A112.4.1-1993, Water Heater Relief Valve Drain Tubes; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (3) ANSI/ASME A112.4.3-1999, Plastic Fittings for Connecting Water Closets to the Sanitary Drainage System; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (4) ASME/ANSI A112.18.1M-1989, Plumbing Fixture Fittings; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (5) ASME A112.18.3M-1996, Performance Requirements for Backflow Protection Devices and Systems in Plumbing Fixture Fittings; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (6) ASME A112.18.6-1999, Flexible Water Connectors; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (7) ASME A112.18.7-1999, Deck Mounted Bath/Shower Transfer Valves with Integral Backflow Protection; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (8) ANSI/ASME A112.19.1M-1987, Enameled Cast Iron Plumbing Fixtures; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (9) ANSI/ASME A112.19.2(M)-1990, Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (10) ANSI/ASME A112.19.3M-1987, Stainless Steel Plumbing Fixtures (Designed for Residential Use); IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (11) ANSI/ASME A112.19.4(M)-1984, Porcelain Enameled Formed Steel Plumbing Fixtures; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (12) ASME A112.19.6-1995, Hydraulic Performance Requirements for Water Closets and Urinals; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (13) ASME/ANSI A112.19.7M-1987, Whirlpool Bathtub Appliances; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (14) ASME/ANSI A112.19.8M-1989, Suction Fittings for Use in Swimming Pools, Wading Pools, Spas, Hot Tubs, and Whirlpool Bathtub Appliances; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (15) ASME A112.19.9M-1991, Non-Vitreous Ceramic Plumbing Fixtures; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (16) ASME A112.19.10-1994, Dual Flush Devices for Water Closets; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (17) ANSI/ASME A112.21.3M-1985, Hydrants for Utility and Maintenance Use; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (18) ANSI/ASME B1.20.1-2013, Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch), reaffirmed 2018; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(b); 3280.705(e); 3280.706(d). (19) ANSI/ASME B16.3-1992, Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (20) ANSI/ASME B16.4-1992, Gray Iron Threaded Fittings; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (21) ANSI/ASME B16.15-1985, Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (22) ASME/ANSI B16.22-1989, Wrought-Copper and Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Pressure Fitting; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (23) ASME B16.23-1992, Cast Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Drainage Fittings-DWV; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (24) ASME/ANSI B16.26-1988, Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (25) ASME/ANSI B16.29-1986, Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Drainage Fittings-DWV; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (26) ANSI/ASME B36.10-2004, Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe, ANSI-approved June 23, 2004; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(b), 3280.705(b); 3280.706(b). (l) American Society of Sanitary Engineering (ASSE), 901 Canterbury, Suite A, Westlake, OH 44145; telephone: 440-835-3040; fax: 440-835-3488; website: www.asse-plumbing.org. (1) ASSE 1001, Performance Requirements for Pipe Applied Atmospheric Type Vacuum Breakers, ANSI-approved 1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (2) ASSE 1002 (ANSI/ASSE-1979), Performance Requirements for Water Closet Flush Tank Fill Valves (Ballcocks), Revision 5, 1986; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (3) ASSE 1006, Plumbing Requirements for Residential Use (Household) Dishwashers, ASSE/ANSI-1986; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (4) ASSE 1007-1986, Performance Requirements for Home Laundry Equipment; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (5) ASSE 1008-1986, Performance Requirements for Household Food Waste Disposer Units; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (6) ASSE 1011-1981, Performance Requirements for Hose Connection Vacuum Breakers, ANSI-approved 1982; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (7) ASSE 1014-1989, Performance Requirements for Hand-held Showers, ANSI-approved 1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (8) ASSE 1016-2005, Performance Requirements for Automatic Compensating Values for Individual Shower and Tub/Shower Combinations, approved January 2005; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.607(b). (9) ASSE 1017-1986, Performance Requirements for Temperature Activated Mixing Valves for Primary Domestic Use, 1986; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (10) ANSI/ASSE 1019-1978, Performance Requirements for Wall Hydrants, Frost Proof Automatic Draining, Anti-Backflow Types, 1978; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (11) ASSE 1023, Performance Requirements for Hot Water Dispensers, Household Storage Type Electrical, ANSI/ASSE-1979; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (12) ASSE 1025, Performance Requirements for Diverters for Plumbing Faucets with Hose Spray, Anti-Siphon Type, Residential Applications, ANSI/ASSE-1978; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (13) ASSE 1037-1990, Performance Requirements for Pressurized Flushing Devices (Flushometers) for Plumbing Fixtures, ANSI-approved 1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (14) ASSE 1051, Performance Requirements for Air Admittance Valves for Plumbing Drainage Systems—Fixture and Branch Devices Revised 1996, ANSI-approved 1998; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (15) ASSE 1070-2004, Performance Requirements for Water Temperature Limiting Devices, 2004; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.607(b). (m) APA—The Engineered Wood Association (APA) (formerly the American Plywood Association), 7011 South 19th Street, Tacoma, WA 98411; telephone: 253-565-6600; fax: 253-565-7265; website: www.apawood.org. (1) APA D510C, Panel Design Specification, copyright 2012; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (2) APA E30P-1996, APA Design/Construction Guide, Residential and Commercial Structures; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (3) APA E30V, Engineered Wood Construction Guide, copyright 2011; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (4) APA H815G, Plywood Design Specification Supplement 5-12, Design and Fabrication of All-Plywood Beams, December 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (5) APA S811P, Plywood Design Specification Supplement 1-12, Design and Fabrication of Plywood Curved Panels, December 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (6) APA S812S, Plywood Design Specification Supplement 2-12, Design and Fabrication of Glued Plywood-Lumber Beams, December 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (7) APA U813M, Plywood Design Specification Supplement 3-12, Design and Fabrication of Plywood Stressed-Skin Panels, December 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (8) APA U814J, Plywood Design Specification Supplement 4-12, Design and Fabrication of Plywood Sandwiched Panels, December 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (9) APA Y510, Plywood Design, January 1997; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (n) ASTM, International (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959; telephone:877-909-2786 (USA & Canada); fax: 610-832-9555; website: www.astm.org. (1) ASTM A53/A53M-12, Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless, approved March 1, 2012; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(b). (2) ASTM A74-92, Standard Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings, 1992; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (3) ASTM A539-99, Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Coiled Steel Tubing for Gas and Fuel Oil Lines, 1999; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(b); 3280.705(b); 3280.706(b). (4) ASTM B42-10, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, Standard Sizes, approved October 1, 2010; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(c). (5) ASTM B43-91, Standard Specification for Seamless Red Brass Pipe, Standard Sizes, 1991; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.705(b). (6) ASTM B88-14, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube, approved September 1, 2014; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(c); 3280.705(b); 3280.706(b). (7) ASTM B251-10, Standard Specification for General Requirements for Wrought Seamless Copper and Copper-Alloy Tube, approved October 1, 2010; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.703(c). (8) ASTM B280-13, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Field Service, approved April 1, 2013; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(c); 3280.705(b); 3280.706(b). (9) ASTM B306-92, Standard Specification for Copper Drainage Tube (DWV), 1992; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (10) ASTM C564-97, Standard Specification for Rubber Gaskets for Case Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings, approved December 10, 1997; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c); 3280.611(d). (11) ASTM C920-02, Standard Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants, approved January 10, 2002; IBR approved for § 3280.611(d). (12) ASTM C1396/C1396M-14a, Standard Specification for Gypsum Board, approved October 1, 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (13) ASTM D781-68 (Reapproved 1973), Standard Test Methods for Puncture and Stiffness of Paperboard, and Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard, 1973; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.305(g). (14) ASTM D2235-88, Standard Specification for Solvent Cement for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastic Pipe and Fittings, 1988; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (15) ASTM D2564-91a, Standard Specification for Solvent Cements for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Piping Systems, 1991; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (16) ASTM D2661-91, Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings, 1991; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (17) ASTM D2665-91b, Standard Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings, 1991; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (18) ASTM D2846-92, Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems, 1992; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (19) ASTM D3309-92a, Standard Specification for Polybutylene (PB) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems, 1992; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (20) ASTM D3311-92, Standard Specification for Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV) Plastic Fittings Patterns, 1992; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (21) ASTM D3679-09a, Standard Specification for Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding, approved November 1, 2009; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.309(b). (22) ASTM D3953-97, Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel, and Seals, approved April 10, 1997; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.306(g). (23) ASTM D4442-07, Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials, approved November 15, 2007; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (24) ASTM D4444-13, Standard Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters, approved April 1, 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (25) ASTM D4635-01, Standard Specification for Polyethylene Films Made from Low-Density Polyethylene for General Use and Packaging Applications, approved June 10, 2001; IBR approved for § 3280.611(d). (26) ASTM D4756-06, Standard Practice for Installation of Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding and Soffit, approved April 1, 2006; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.309(c). (27) ASTM D6007-14, Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air from Wood Products Using a Small Air Chamber, approved October 1, 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.406(b). (28) ASTM D7254-07, Standard Specification for Polypropylene (PP) Siding, January 1, 2007; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.309(c). (29) ASTM E84-01, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, 2001; IBR approved for § 3280.203(a). (30) ASTM E90-09, Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Elements, approved July 1, 2009; IBR approved for § 3280.115(b). (31) ASTM E96/E96M-13, Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials, approved November 1, 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.504(a) and (c). (32) ASTM E119-14, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, approved October 1, 2014; IBR approved for §§ 3280.215(a) and (d); 3280.304(b); 3280.1003(a). (33) ASTM E162-94, Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, 1994; IBR approved for § 3280.203(a). (34) ASTM E492-09, Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Impact Sound Transmission Through Floor-Ceiling Assemblies Using the Tapping Machine, approved April 1, 2009; IBR approved for § 3280.115(b). (35) ASTM E773-97, Standard Test Methods for Accelerated Weathering of Sealed Insulating Glass Units, 1997; IBR approved for § 3280.403(d). (36) ASTM E774-97, Standard Specification for the Classification of the Durability of Sealed Insulating Glass Units, 1997; IBR approved for § 3280.403(d). (37) ASTM E814-13, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop Systems, approved November 1, 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.215(d). (38) ASTM E1333-14, Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood Products Using a Large Air Chamber, approved October 1, 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.406(b). (39) ASTM F628-91, Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40, Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe with a Cellular Core, 1991; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (40) ASTM F876-10, Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing, approved February 10, 2010; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (41) ASTM F877-07, Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems, approved February 1, 2007; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (o) American Wood Council (AWC), 222 Catoctin Circle SE, Suite 201, Leesburg, VA 20175; telephone: 202-463-2766; website: www.awc.org. (1) AWC NDS-2015, National Design Specifications for Wood Construction with Supplement; IBR approved for §§ 3280.215(a); 3280.304(b): (i) ANSI/AWC NDS-2015, 2015 Edition, ANSI-approved September 30, 2014; and (ii) NDS Supplement, Design Values for Wood Construction, 2015 Edition, November 2014. (2) Span Tables for Joists and Rafters: American Softwood Lumber Standard (PS 20-10) Sizes, 2012 Edition (AWC-2012—Span Tables for Joists and Rafters); IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (3) Design Values for Joists and Rafters, Supplement to Span Tables for Joists and Rafters (2012 Edition), March 2013 (AWC-2012 Design Values for Joists and Rafters); IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (p) Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute (CISPI), 1064 Delaware Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30316; telephone: 404-622-0073; fax: 404-973-2845; website: www.cispi.org/. (1) CISPI-301-90, Standard Specification for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping Applications; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (2) CISPI-HSN-85, Specification for Neoprene Rubber Gaskets for HUB and Spigot Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings; IBR approved for §§ 3280.604(c), 3280.611(d). (q) Composite Panel Association (formerly the American Hardboard Association), 19465 Deerfield Ave, Suite 306, Leesburg, VA 20176; telephone: 703-724-1128; website: compositepanel.org. (1) ANSI A135.4-2012, Basic Hardboard, approved June 8, 2012; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (2) ANSI A135.5-2012, Prefinished Hardboard Paneling, approved March 29, 2012; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (3) ANSI A135.6-2012 (R2020), Engineered Wood Siding, Reaffirmation approved March 13, 2020; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (4) ANSI A208.1-2009, Particleboard, approved February 2, 2009; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (r) CSA Group, formerly known as the Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Boulevard, Toronto, ON, M9W 1R3, Canada; telephone: 216-524-4990; website: www.csagroup.org. (1) AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-17, North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors, and Skylights, revised September 2018; IBR approved for §§ 3280.304(b); 3280.403(b) and (e); 3280.404(b) and (e); 3280.405(b) and (e). (2) ANSI LC 1-2014/CSA 6.26-2014, Fuel gas piping systems using corrugated stainless steel tubing, Published March 2014 (ANSI LC 1); IBR approved for § 3280.705(b). (3) ANSI Z21.1-2016/CSA 1.1-2016, household cooking gas appliances, Published February 2016 (ANSI Z21.1); IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (4) ANSI Z21.5.1-2015/CSA 7.1-2015, gas clothes dryers, volume I, type 1 clothes dryers, Published January 2015 (ANSI Z21.5.1); IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (5) ANSI Z21.10.1-2014/CSA 4.1-2014, Gas water heaters, volume I, storage water heaters with input ratings of 75,000 BTU per hour or less, Published November 2014 (ANSI Z21.10.1); IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(a); 3280.707(d). (6) ANSI Z21.10.3-2014/CSA 4.3-2014, Gas-fired water heaters, volume III, storage water heaters with input ratings above 75,000 BTU per hour, circulating and instantaneous, Published August 2014 (ANSI Z21.10.3); IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (7) ANSI Z21.15-2009 (reaffirmed 2019)/CSA 9.1-2009 (reaffirmed 2019), American National Standard/CSA Standard for Manually Operated Gas Valves for Appliances, Appliance Connector Valves and Hose End Valves, Second Edition—2009, Published July 2009 (ANSI Z21.15); IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(c); 3280.705(c) and (l). (8) ANSI Z21.19-2014/CSA1.4-2014, Refrigerators using gas fuel, Published May 2014 (ANSI Z21.19); IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (9) ANSI Z21.20-2014 (reaffirmed 2019)/CAN/CSA C22.2 No.60730-2-5-14 (reaffirmed 2019), Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use—Part 2-5: Particular requirements for automatic electrical burner control systems, Reprinted September 30, 2019 (ANSI Z21.20); IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). (10) ANSI Z21.21-2012/CSA 6.5-2012, Automatic valves for gas appliances, Fourth Edition—2012, Published November 2012 (ANSI Z21.21); IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). (11) ANSI Z21.23, Gas Appliance Thermostats and addenda; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d): (i) ANSI Z21.23-2000, Tenth Edition—2000, ANSI-approved September 27, 2000; (ii) ANSI Z21.23a-2003, Addenda to the Tenth Edition of Gas Appliance Thermostats, ANSI-approved September 17, 2003; and (iii) ANSI Z21.23b-2005, Addenda to the Tenth Edition of ANSI Z21.23-2000 and Addenda Z21.23a-2003: Gas Appliance Thermostats, ANSI-approved March 9, 2005. (12) ANSI Z21.24-2006/CSA 6.10-2006 (reaffirmed 2011), Connectors for Gas Appliances, Third Edition—2006, Published February 2007 (ANSI Z21.24); IBR approved for § 3280.703(c). (13) ANSI Z21.40.1-1996/CGA 2.91-M96, Gas-Fired, Heat Activated Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Appliances); IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(a); 3280.714(a). (14) ANSI Z21.47-2012/CSA 2.3-2012, Gas-fired central furnaces, Sixth Edition—2012, ANSI-approved March 27, 2012 (ANSI Z21.47); IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (15) ANSI Z21.75-2007/CSA 6.27-2007 (reaffirmed 2012), Connectors for Outdoor Gas Appliances And Manufactured Homes, Second Edition, Published 2007 (ANSI Z21.75); IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (s) Decorative Hardwoods Association (formerly HPVA), 42777 Trade West Drive, Sterling, VA 20166; telephone: 703-435-2900; fax: 703-435-2537; website: www.decorativehardwoods.org. (1) ANSI/HPVA HP-1-2009, American National Standard for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood, approved January 26, 2010; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (2) HP-SG-96, Structural Design Guide for Hardwood Plywood Wall Panels, revised 1996; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (t) FS—Federal Specifications, General Services Administration, Specifications Branch, Room 6039, GSA Building, 7th and D Streets SW, Washington, DC 20407. (1) FS WW-P-541E/GEN-1980, Plumbing Fixtures (General Specifications); IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (2) FS ZZ-R-765B-1970, Silicone Rubber, (with 1971 Amendment); IBR approved for § 3280.611(d). (3) TT-P-1536A, Plumbing Fixture Setting Compound, July 8, 1975; IBR approved for § 3280.604(b). (u) Fenestration and Glazing Industry Alliance (FGIA) (formerly known as American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA)), 1900 E Golf Road, Schaumburg, Illinois 60173; website: www.fgiaonline.org. (1) AAMA 1503.1-88, Voluntary Test Method for Thermal Transmittance and Condensation Resistance of Windows, Doors, and Glazed Wall Sections; IBR approved for § 3280.508(e). (2) AAMA 1600/I.S.7-00, Voluntary Specification for Skylights, 2003; IBR approved for § 3280.305(c). (3) AAMA 1701.2-12, Voluntary Standard for Utilization in Manufactured Housing for Primary Windows and Sliding Glass Doors, published November 2012; IBR approved for §§ 3280.403(b) and (e); 3280.404(b) and (e). (4) AAMA 1702.2-12, Voluntary Standard for Utilization in Manufactured Housing for Swinging Exterior Passage Doors, published November 2012, including errata dated February 16, 2015 and March 29, 2017; IBR approved for §§ 3280.403(e); 3280.405(b) and (e). (5) AAMA 1704-12, Voluntary Standard Egress Window Systems for Utilization in Manufactured Housing, published November 2012; IBR approved for § 3280.404(b) and (e). (v) HUD User, 11491 Sunset Hills Road, Reston, VA 20190-5254; telephone: 800-245-2691; website: www.huduser.gov. (1) HUD User No. 0005945, Overall U-values and Heating/Cooling Loads—Manufactured Homes, February 1992; IBR approved for § 3280.508(b). (2) [Reserved] (w) IIT Research Institute (IITRI), 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, IL 60616; telephone: 312-567-4000; website: www.iitri.org/. (1) IITRI Fire and Safety Research Project J-6461 “Development of Mobile Home Fire Test Methods to Judge the Fire-Safe Performance of Foam Plastic Sheathing and Cavity Insulation”, 1979; IBR approved for § 3280.207(a). (2) [Reserved] (x) International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO), 4755 East Philadelphia Street, Ontario, CA 91716; telephone: 909-472-4100; fax: 909-472-4150; website: www.iapmo.org. (1) IAPMO PS 2-89, Material and Property Standard for Cast Brass and Tubing P-Traps. 1989; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (2) IAPMO PS 4-90, Material and Property Standard for Drains for Prefabricated and Precast Showers, 1990; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (3) IAPMO PS 5-84, Material and Property Standard for Special Cast Iron Fittings, 1984; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (4) IAPMO PS 9-84, Material and Property Standard for Diversion Tees and Twin Waste Elbow, 1984; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (5) IAPMO PS 14-89, Material and Property Standard for Flexible Metallic Water Connectors, 1989; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (6) IAPMO PS 23-89, Material and Property Standard for Dishwasher Drain Airgaps, 1989; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (7) IAPMO PS 31-91, Material and Property Standards for Backflow Prevention Assemblies, 1989; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (8) IAPMO TS 9-2003, Standard for Gas Supply Connectors for Manufactured Homes, revised 2003; IBR approved for § 3280.703(c). (9) IAPMO TSC 22-85, Standard for Porcelain Enameled Formed Steel Plumbing Fixtures; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (y) International Code Council Evaluation Service (ICC-ES), 3060 Saturn Street, Suite 100, Brea, CA 92821; telephone: 800-423-6587; fax: 562-695-4694; website: www.icc-es.org. (1) ESR 1539, ICC-ES Evaluation Report; Power Driven Staples and Nails, reissued June 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (2) [Reserved] (z) International Organization for Standardization, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401—1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland; telephone: +41 22 749 01 11; website: www.iso.org. (1) ISO/IEC 17065:2012(E) Conformity assessment—requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services, approved September 15, 2012; IBR approved for §§ 3280.403(e); 3280.404(e); 3280.405(e). (2) [Reserved] (aa) Military Specifications and Standards, Naval Publications and Forms Center (MIL), 5801 Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120; website: www.dsp.dla.mil/. (1) MIL-L-10547E-1975, Liners, Case, and Sheet, Overwrap; Water-Vapor Proof or Waterproof, Flexible, 1975; IBR approved for § 3280.611(d). (2) [Reserved] (bb) National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1752, Arlington, VA 22209; telephone: 703-841-3200; fax: 703-841-5900; website: www.nema.org/Pages/default.aspx. (1) ANSI/NEMA WD-6-1997 Wiring Devices-Dimensional Specifications, 1997; IBR approved for § 3280.803(f). (2) [Reserved] (cc) National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC), 6305 Ivy Lane, Suite 140, Greenbelt, MD 20770; telephone: 301-589-1776; fax: 301-589-3884; website: www.nfrc.org. (1) NFRC 100, Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product U-factors, 1997 Edition, 1997; IBR approved for § 3280.508(e). (2) [Reserved] (dd) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269; telephone: 617-770-3000; fax: 617-770-0700; website: www.nfpa.org. (1) NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two- Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, 2010 Edition, approved August 26, 2009; IBR approved for § 3280.214(b), (e) and (o). (2) NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment, 2011 Edition, approved January 3, 2011; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(d); 3280.707(f). (3) NFPA 54/ANSI Z223.1, National Fuel Gas Code, 2015 Edition, approved September 3, 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). (4) NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2014 Edition, approved August 1, 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). (5) NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, 2014 Edition, approved August 21, 2013; IBR approved for §§ 3280.607(c); 3280.801(b); 3280.803(k); 3280.804(a) and (k); 3280.805(a); 3280.806(a) and (d); 3280.807(c); 3280.808(a), (l), and (p); 3280.810(b); 3280.811(b). (6) NFPA 90B, Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems, 2015 Edition, approved May 19, 2015; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). (7) NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, Chapter 2: definitions of “limited combustible” and “noncombustible material”, 1995 Edition; IBR approved for § 3280.202. (8) NFPA 253, Standard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, 2000; IBR approved for § 3280.207(c). (9) NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, 1996; IBR approved for §§ 3280.203(a); 3280.207(a). (10) NFPA 720, Standard for Installation of Carbon Monoxide Detection (CO) Detection and Warning Equipment, 2015 Edition, Copyright 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.211(b). (ee) U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Office of Engineering Standards, Room A-166, Technical Building, Washington, DC 20234 and Voluntary Product Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 2100, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2100; telephone: 301-975-4000; fax: 301-975-4715; website: www.nist.gov. (1) Voluntary Product Standard PS 1-09, Structural Plywood (With Typical APA Trademarks), effective May 1, 2009 (NIST PS 1); IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (2) Voluntary Product Standard PS 2-04, Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural-Use Panels, December 2004 (NIST PS 2); IBR approval for § 3280.304(b). (ff) National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; telephone: 734-769-8010 fax: 734-769-0109; website: www.nsf.org. (1) ANSI/NSF 14-1990, Plastic Piping Components and Related Materials; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (2) ANSI/NSF 24-1988, Plumbing System Components for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles; IBR approved for § 3280.604(c). (3) ANSI/NSF 61-2001, Drinking Water System Components-Health Effects; IBR approved for § 3280.604(b). (gg) Resources, Applications, Designs, & Controls (RADCO), 3220 East 59th Street, Long Beach, CA 90805; telephone: 562-272-7231; fax: 562-529-7513; website: www.radcoinc.com. (1) RADCO DS-010-91, Decorative Gas Appliances for Installation in Solid Fuel Burning Fireplaces, May 1991; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (2) [Reserved] (hh) Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096; telephone: 724-776-0790; website: www.sae.org/. (1) SAE J533 (REV SEP 2007), (R) Flares for Tubing, revised September 2007; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(d); 3280.705(f). (2) [Reserved] (ii) Steel Joist Institute (SJI), 234 West Cheves Street, Florence, SC 29501; telephone: 843-407-4091; website: www.steeljoist.org. (1) SJI 1994, Standard Specifications Load Tables and Weight Tables for Steel Joists and Girders, Fortieth Edition, 1994; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b). (2) [Reserved] (jj) Truss Plate Institute (TPI), 2670 Crain Highway, Suite 203, Waldorf, MD 20601; telephone: 240-587-5582; fax: 866-501-4012; website: www.tpinst.org. (1) TPI 1, National Design Standard for Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss Construction, Commentary, and Appendices, copyright 2008; IBR approved for § 3280.304(b): (i) ANSI/TPI 1-2007; (ii) TPI 1-2007 Commentary and Appendices. (2) [Reserved] (kk) Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. (UL), 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062; telephone: 847-272-8800; fax: 847-509-6257; website: www.ul.com. (1) UL 94-1996, with 2001 revisions, Test for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances, Fifth Edition; IBR approved for § 3280.715(e). (2) UL 103, Standard for Safety, Factory-Built Chimneys for Residential Type and Building Heating Appliances, Eleventh Edition, dated October 15, 2010; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). (3) UL 109, Tube Fittings for Flammable and Combustible Fluids, Refrigeration Service, and Marine Use, Sixth Edition, dated June 19, 1997, including revisions through January 11, 2005; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). (4) UL 127-1996, with 1999 revisions, Factory-Built Fireplaces, Seventh Edition; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). (5) UL 174, Standard for Safety Household Electric Storage Tank Water Heaters, Eleventh Edition, dated April 29, 2004, including revisions through December 15, 2016; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (6) UL 181, Standard for Safety Factory-Made Air Ducts and Air Connectors, Eleventh Edition, dated July 25, 2013, including revisions through April 18, 2017; IBR approved for §§ 3280.702, 3280.703(d); 3280.715(a) and (e). (7) UL 181A, Standard for Safety Closure Systems for Use with Rigid Air Ducts, Fourth Edition, dated January 8, 2013, including revisions through March 22, 2017; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(d); 3280.715(c). (8) UL 181B, Standard for Safety Closure Systems for use with Flexible Air Ducts and Air Connectors, First Edition, 1995, with 1998 revisions; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(d); 3280.715(c). (9) UL 217, Single and Multiple Station Smoke Alarms, Fifth Edition, dated January 4, 1999; IBR approved for §§ 3280.209(a); 3280.211(a). (10) UL 263, Standard for Safety Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, Fourteenth Edition, dated June 21, 2011, including revisions through January 31, 2019; IBR approved for § 3280.215(a) and (d). (11) UL 268, Smoke Detectors for Fire Protective Signaling Systems, Fourth Edition, dated December 30, 1996, including revisions through January 4, 1999; IBR approved for §§ 3280.209(a); 3280.703(a). (12) UL 307A, Liquid Fuel Burning Heating Appliances for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles, Eighth Edition, dated February 25, 2009; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(a); 3280.707(f). (13) UL 307B, Gas Burning Heating Appliances for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles, Fifth Edition, dated October 31, 2006, including revisions through September 17, 2013; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (14) UL 311, Roof Jacks for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles, Eighth Edition, 1994, with 1998 revisions; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). (15) UL 441, Gas Vents, Tenth Edition, dated March 5, 2010, including revisions through June 12, 2014; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). (16) UL 499, Standard for Safety Electric Heating Appliances, Fourteenth Edition, dated November 7, 2014, including revisions through February 23, 2017; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (17) UL 569, Standard for Safety Pigtails and Flexible Hose Connectors for LP-Gas, 2013; IBR approved for §§ 3280.703(d); 3280.705(l). (18) UL 737, Fireplace Stoves, Eighth Edition, 1996, with 2000 revisions; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). (19) UL 923 Microwave Cooking Appliances, Fifth Edition, May 23, 2002; IBR approved for § 3280.204(c). (20) UL 1042, Standards for Safety Electric Baseboard Heating Equipment, Fifth Edition, dated August 31, 2009, including revisions through December 14, 2016; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (21) UL 1096, Electric Central Air Heating Equipment, Fourth Edition, 1986, with revisions July 16, 1986, and January 30, 1988; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (22) UL 1479, Fire Tests of Penetration Firestops, Fourth Edition, dated June 10, 2015; IBR approved for § 3280.215(d). (23) UL 1482, Solid-Fuel Type Room Heaters, Fifth Edition, 1996, with 2000 revisions; IBR approved for § 3280.703(d). (24) UL 2021-1997. Fixed and Location-Dedicated Electric Room Heaters, Second Edition, with 1998 revisions; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (25) UL 2034, Standard for Safety Single and Multiple Station Carbon Monoxide Alarms, Fourth Edition, dated March 31, 2017; IBR approved for §§ 3280.209(a); 3280.211(a); 3280.703(a). (26) UL 60335-2-40-2012, Standard for Safety: Household and Similar Electrical Appliances—Part 2-40: Particular Requirements for Electrical Heat Pumps, Air-Conditioners and Dehumidifiers, First Edition, dated November 30, 2012; IBR approved for § 3280.703(a). (ll) Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada (ULC), 7 Underwriters Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1 R 3A9; telephone: 866-937-3852; fax: 416-757-8727; website: www.ul.com/canada/eng/pages/. (1) CAN/ULC S102.2-M88, Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Floor Coverings and Miscellaneous Materials and Assemblies, Fourth Edition, April 1988; IBR approved for § 3280.207(b). (2) [Reserved] (mm) Window and Door Manufacturers Association (WDMA), 2001 K Street NW, 3rd Floor North, Washington, DC 20006; telephone: 202-367-1157; website: www.wdma.com. (1) WDMA I.S.4-09, Industry Specification for Preservative Treatment for Millwork, copyright 2009; IBR approved for § 3280.405(c). (2) [Reserved]" 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.1.1.5,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,A,Subpart A—General,,§ 3280.5 Data plate.,HUD,,,"[59 FR 2469, Jan. 14, 1994, as amended at 80 FR 53727, Sept. 8, 2015; 85 FR 5566, Jan. 31, 2020; 86 FR 2516, Jan. 12, 2021; 89 FR 75743, Sept. 16, 2024]","Each dwelling unit of a manufactured home must bear a data plate affixed in a permanent manner near the main electrical panel or other readily accessible and visible location. Each data plate shall be made of material what will receive typed information as well as preprinted information, and which can be cleaned of ordinary smudges or household dirt without removing information contained on the data plate; or the data plate shall be covered in a permanent manner with materials that will make it possible to clean the data plate of ordinary dirt and smudges without obscuring the information. Each data plate shall contain not less than the following information: (a) The name and address of the manufacturing plant in which the manufactured home was manufactured. (b) The serial number and model designation of the unit, and the date the unit was manufactured. (c) The applicable statement: This manufactured home is designed to comply with the Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards in force at the time of manufacture.or This manufactured home has been substantially completed in accordance with an approved design and has been inspected (except for the components specifically identified in the instructions for completion on-site) in accordance with the Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards and the requirements of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in effect on the date of manufacture. This manufactured home is designed to comply with the Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards in force at the time of manufacture.or This manufactured home has been substantially completed in accordance with an approved design and has been inspected (except for the components specifically identified in the instructions for completion on-site) in accordance with the Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards and the requirements of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in effect on the date of manufacture. (d) The applicable statement: This manufactured home IS designed to accommodate the additional loads imposed by the attachment of an attached accessory building or structure in accordance with the manufacturer installation instructions. The additional loads are in accordance with the design load(s) identified on this Data Plate; or This manufactured home IS NOT designed to accommodate the additional loads imposed by the attachment of an attached accessory building or structure in accordance with the manufacturer installation instructions. (e) A list of the certification label(s) number(s) that are affixed to each transportable manufactured section under § 3280.8. (f) A list of major factory-installed equipment, including the manufacturer's name and the model designation of each appliance. (g) Reference to the roof load zone and wind load zone for which the home is designed and duplicates of the maps as set forth in § 3280.305(c). This information may be combined with the heating/cooling certificate and insulation zone map required by §§ 3280.510 and 3280.511. The Wind Zone Map on the Data Plate shall also contain the statement: This home has not been designed for the higher wind pressures and anchoring provisions required for ocean/coastal areas and should not be located within 1500′ of the coastline in Wind Zones II and III, unless the home and its anchoring and foundation system have been designed for the increased requirements specified for Exposure D in ANSI/ASCE 7-88. This home has not been designed for the higher wind pressures and anchoring provisions required for ocean/coastal areas and should not be located within 1500′ of the coastline in Wind Zones II and III, unless the home and its anchoring and foundation system have been designed for the increased requirements specified for Exposure D in ANSI/ASCE 7-88. (h) The statement: This home has—has not—(appropriate blank to be checked by manufacturer) been equipped with storm shutters or other protective coverings for windows and exterior door openings. For homes designed to be located in Wind Zones II and III, which have not been provided with shutters or equivalent covering devices, it is strongly recommended that the home be made ready to be equipped with these devices in accordance with the method recommended in the manufacturers printed instructions. This home has—has not—(appropriate blank to be checked by manufacturer) been equipped with storm shutters or other protective coverings for windows and exterior door openings. For homes designed to be located in Wind Zones II and III, which have not been provided with shutters or equivalent covering devices, it is strongly recommended that the home be made ready to be equipped with these devices in accordance with the method recommended in the manufacturers printed instructions. (i) The statement: “Design Approval by”, followed by the name of the agency that approved the design. (j) The statement: The manufacturer certifies this home is compliant with the Title VI, Toxic Substances Control Act." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.1.1.6,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,A,Subpart A—General,,§ 3280.6 Serial number.,HUD,,,,"(a) A manufactured home serial number which will identify the manufacturer and the state in which the manufactured home is manufactured, must be stamped into the foremost cross member. Letters and numbers must be 3/8 inch minimum in height. Numbers must not be stamped into hitch assembly or drawbar." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.1.1.7,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,A,Subpart A—General,,§ 3280.7 Excluded structures.,HUD,,,"[52 FR 4581, Feb. 12, 1987]",Certain structures may be excluded from these Standards as modular homes under 24 CFR 3282.12. 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.1.1.8,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,A,Subpart A—General,,§ 3280.8 Waivers.,HUD,,,"[58 FR 55003, Oct. 25, 1993]","(a) Where any material piece of equipment, or system which does not meet precise requirements or specifications set out in the standard is shown, to the satisfaction of the Secretary, to meet an equivalent level of performance, the Secretary may waive the specifications set out in the Standard for that material, piece of equipment, or system. (b) Where the Secretary is considering issuing a waiver to a Standard, the proposed waiver shall be published in the Federal Register for public comment, unless the Secretary, for good cause, finds that notice is impractical, unnecessary or contrary to the public interest, and incorporates into the waiver that finding and a brief statement of the reasons therefor. (c) Each proposed and final waiver shall include: (1) A statement of the nature of the waiver; and (2) Identification of the particular standard affected. (d) All waivers shall be published in the Federal Register and shall state their effective date. Where a waiver has been issued, the requirements of the Federal Standard to which the waiver relates may be met either by meeting the specifications set out in the Standard or by meeting the requirements of the waiver published in the Federal Register." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.1.1.9,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,A,Subpart A—General,,§ 3280.9 Interpretative bulletins.,HUD,,,"[58 FR 55003, Oct. 25, 1993]","Interpretative bulletins may be issued for the following purposes: (a) To clarify the meaning of the Standard; and (b) To assist in the enforcement of the Standard." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.10.1.1,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,J,Subpart J—Transportation,,§ 3280.901 Scope.,HUD,,,,Subpart J of this standard covers the general requirement for designing the structure of the manufactured home to fully withstand the adverse effects of transportation shock and vibration without degradation of the integrated structure or of its component parts and the specific requirements pertaining to the transportation system and its relationship to the structure. 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.10.1.2,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,J,Subpart J—Transportation,,§ 3280.902 Definitions.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 47 FR 28093, June 29, 1982; 86 FR 2523, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) Chassis means the entire transportation system comprising the following subsystems: drawbar and coupling mechanism, frame, running gear assembly, and lights. (b) Drawbar and coupling mechanism means the rigid assembly, (usually a rigid substructure) upon which is mounted a coupling mechanism, which connects the manufactured home's frame to the towing vehicle. (c) Frame means the fabricated rigid substructure which provides considerable support to the affixed manufactured home structure both during transport and on-site; and also provides a platform for securement of the running gear assembly, the drawbar and coupling mechanism. (d) Running gear assembly means the subsystem consisting of suspension springs, axles, bearings, wheels, hubs, tires, and brakes, with their related hardware. (e) Lights means those safety lights and associated wiring required by applicable U.S. Department of Transportation regulations. (f) Transportation system, (Same as chassis, above). (g) Highway, includes all roads and streets to be legally used in transporting the manufactured home." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.10.1.3,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,J,Subpart J—Transportation,,§ 3280.903 General requirements for designing the structure to withstand transportation shock and vibration.,HUD,,,"[86 FR 2523, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) General. The manufactured home and its transportation system (as defined in § 3280.902(f)) must withstand the effects of highway movement such that the home is capable of being transported safely and installed as a habitable structure. Structural, plumbing, mechanical, and electrical systems must be designed to function after set-up. The home must remain weather protected during the transportation sequence to prevent internal damage. (b) Testing or analysis requirements. Suitability of the transportation system and home structure to withstand the effects of transportation must be permitted to be determined by testing, or engineering analysis, or a combination of the two as required by paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of this section. (1) Road tests. Tests must be witnessed by an independent registered professional engineer or architect, manufacturer's IPIA or DAPIA, or by a recognized testing organization. Such testing procedures must be part of the manufacturer's approved design. (2) Engineering analysis. Engineering analysis methods based on the principles of mechanics and/or structural engineering may be used to substantiate the adequacy of the transportation system to withstand in-transit loading conditions. As transportation loadings are typically critical in the longitudinal direction, analysis should, in particular, provide emphasis on design of longitudinal structural components of the manufactured home ( e.g., main chassis girder beams, sidewalls, and rim joists, etc.). Notwithstanding, all structural elements necessary to the structural integrity of the manufactured home during in-transit loading are also to be evaluated ( e.g., transverse chassis members and floor framing members, etc.). (i)(A) The summation of the design loads in paragraphs (b)(2)(i)(A)( 1 ) through ( 3 ) of this section may be used to determine the adequacy of the chassis in conjunction with the manufactured home structure to resist in-transit loading: ( 1 ) Dead load, the vertical load due to the weight of all structural and non-structural components of the manufactured home at the time of shipment. ( 2 ) Floor load, a minimum of 3 pounds per square foot. ( 3 ) Dynamic loading factor, (0.25)[(b2iA) + (b2iB)]. (B) However, the in-transit design loading need not exceed twice the dead load of the manufactured home. (ii) To determine the adequacy of individual longitudinal structural components to resist the in-transit design loading, a load distribution based on the relative flexural rigidity and shear stiffness of each component may be utilized. For the purpose of loading distribution, the sidewall may be considered to be acting as a “deep beam” in conjunction with other load carrying elements in determining the relative stiffness of the integrated structure. Further, by proper pre-cambering of the chassis assembly, additional loading may be distributed to the chassis, and the remaining loading may be distributed to each of the load carrying members by the relative stiffness principle. (iii) The analysis is also to include consideration for: (A) Location of openings in the sidewall during transport and, when appropriate, provisions for reinforcement of the structure and/or chassis at the opening. (B) Sidewall component member sizing and joint-splice analysis ( i.e., top and bottom plates, etc.), and connections between load carrying elements." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.10.1.4,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,J,Subpart J—Transportation,,§ 3280.904 Specific requirements for designing the transportation system.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975, as amended at 86 FR 2524, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) General. The transportation system must be designed and constructed as an integrated unit which is safe and suitable for its specified use. In operation, the transportation system must effectively respond to the control of the towing vehicle tracking and braking, while traveling at applicable highway speeds and in normal highway traffic conditions. (b) Specific requirements —(1) Drawbar. The drawbar must be constructed of sufficient strength, rigidity, and durability to safely withstand those dynamic forces experienced during highway transportation. It must be securely fastened to the manufactured home substructure. (2) Coupling mechanism. The coupling mechanism (which is usually of the socket type) must be securely fastened to the drawbar in such a manner as to assure safe and effective transfer of the maximum loads, including dynamic loads, between the manufactured home structure and the hitch-assembly of the towing vehicle. The coupling must be equipped with a manually operated mechanism so adapted as to prevent disengagement of the unit while in operation. The coupling must be so designed that it can be disconnected regardless of the angle of the manufactured home to the towing vehicle. (3) Chassis. The chassis, in conjunction with the manufactured home structure, must be constructed to effectively sustain the design loads. The integrated structure must be capable of ensuring the integrity of the complete manufactured home and ensuring against excessive deformation of structural or finish members. (4) Running gear assembly —(i) Design criteria. The design load used to size running gear components must be the gross static dead weight minus the static tongue weight supported by the drawbar. Running gear must be designed to accept shock and vibration, both from the highway and the towing vehicle and effectively dampen these forces so as to protect the manufactured home structure from damage and fatigue. Its components must be designed to facilitate routine maintenance, inspection, and replacement. (ii) Location. Location of the running gear assembly must be determined by documented engineering analysis, taking into account the gross weight (including all contents), total length of the manufactured home, the necessary coupling hitch weight, span distance, and turning radius. Weights shall be checked with the home in a level position ready for transport. The coupling weight must be not less than 12 percent nor more than 25 percent of the gross weight. (5) Spring assemblies. Spring assemblies (springs, hangers, shackles, bushings, and mounting bolts) must be capable of supporting the running gear design loads, without exceeding maximum allowable stresses for design spring assembly life as recommended by the spring assembly manufacturer. The capacity of the spring system must ensure that under maximum operating load conditions, sufficient clearance is maintained between the tire and manufactured home's frame or structure to permit unimpeded wheel movement and for changing tires. (6) Axles. Axles, and their connecting hardware, must be capable of supporting the static running gear design loads, without exceeding maximum allowable design axle loads as recommended by the axle manufacturer. The number and load capacity necessary to provide a safe tow must not be less than those required to support the design load. (i) Recycled axles. Before reuse, all axles, including all component parts, must be reconditioned as required pursuant to a program accepted by a nationally recognized testing agency. The recycling program must be approved, and the axles must be labeled by a nationally recognized testing agency. Recycled axles and their components must utilize compatible components and be of the same size and rating as the original equipment. (ii) [Reserved]. (7) Hubs and bearings. Hubs and bearings shall meet the requirements of § 3280.904(b)(3) and good engineering practice. Both of these components shall be accessible for inspection, routine maintenance and replacement of parts. (8) Tires, wheels, and rims. Tires, wheels, and rims must be selected, sized, and fitted to axles so that static dead load supported by the running gear does not exceed the load capacity of the tires. Tires must not be loaded beyond the load rating marked on the sidewall of the tire or, in the absence of such a marking, the load rating specified in any of the publications of any of the organizations listed in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 119 in 49 CFR 571.119, S5.1(b). Wheels and rims must be sized in accordance with the tire manufacturer's recommendations as suitable for use with the tires selected. (i) Inflation pressure. The load and cold inflation pressure imposed on the rim or wheel must not exceed the rim and wheel manufacturer's instructions even if the tire has been approved for a higher load or inflation. Tire cold inflation pressure limitations and the inflation pressure measurement correction for heat must be as specified in 49 CFR 393.75(h). (ii) Used tires. Whenever the tread depth is at least 1/16 inch as determined by a tread wear indicator, used tires are permitted to be sized in accordance with 49 CFR 571.119. The determination as to whether a used tire is acceptable must also include a visual inspection for thermal and structural defects ( e.g., dry rotting, excessive tire sidewall splitting, etc.). Used tires with such structural defects must not be installed on manufactured homes. (9) Brake assemblies —(i) Braking axles. The number, type, size, and design of brake assemblies required to assist the towing vehicle in providing effective control and stopping of the manufactured home must be determined and documented by engineering analysis. Those alternatives listed in § 3280.903(c) may be accepted in place of such an analysis. Unless substantiated in the design to the satisfaction of the approval agency by either engineering analysis in accordance with § 3280.903(a)(1) or tests in accordance with paragraph (b)(9)(ii) of this section, there must be a minimum of two axles equipped with brake assemblies on each manufactured home transportable section. (ii) Stopping distance. Brakes on the towing vehicle and the manufactured home (a drive-away/tow-away) must be capable of ensuring that the maximum stopping distance from an initial speed of 20 miles per hour does not exceed 35 feet in accordance with 49 CFR 393.52(d) for 2 or fewer vehicles in drive away or tow away operation. (iii) Electrical brake wiring. Brake wiring must be provided for each brake. The brake wire must not be less than the value specified in the brake manufacturer's instructions. Aluminum wire, when used, must be provided with suitable termination that is protected against corrosion. (10) Lamps and associated wiring. Stop lamps, turn signal/lamps, and associated wiring must meet the appropriate sections of FMVSS No. 108 in 49 CFR 571.108, which specify the performance and location of these lamps and their wiring. The manufacturer may meet these requirements by utilizing a temporary light/wiring harness, which has components that meet the FMVSS No. 108. The temporary harness is permitted to be provided by the manufactured home transportation carrier." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.11.1.1,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,K,Subpart K—Attached Manufactured Homes and Special Construction Considerations,,§ 3280.1001 Scope.,HUD,,,,This subpart covers the requirements for attached manufactured homes and other related construction associated with manufactured homes not addressed elsewhere within this part. 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.11.1.2,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,K,Subpart K—Attached Manufactured Homes and Special Construction Considerations,,§ 3280.1002 Definitions.,HUD,,,,"The following definitions are applicable to this subpart only: Attached manufactured home. Two or more adjacent manufactured homes that are structurally independent from foundation to roof and with open space on at least two sides, but which have the appearance of a physical connection ( i.e., zero lot line). Fire separation wall. An adjoining wall of a manufactured home that separates attached manufactured homes with a fire separation distance of less than three feet." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.11.1.3,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,K,Subpart K—Attached Manufactured Homes and Special Construction Considerations,,§ 3280.1003 Attached manufactured home unit separation.,HUD,,,"[86 FR 2525, Jan. 12, 2021, as amended at 89 FR 75757, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Separation requirements. (1) Attached manufactured homes shall be separated from each other by a fire separation wall of not less than1-hour fire-resistive rating with exposure from both sides on each attached manufactured home unit when rated based on tests in accordance with ASTM E119 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (2) Fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling and wall assemblies shall extend to and be tight against the exterior wall, and wall assemblies shall extend from the foundation to the underside of the roof sheathing. (b) Fire separation penetrations. (1) Fire rated fire separation walls must not contain through penetrations or openings. (2) Membrane penetrations for electrical boxes are permitted on the living side of the wall under the following conditions: (i) Steel electrical boxes not exceeding 16 square inches may be installed provided that the total area of such boxes does not exceed 100 square inches in any 100 square feet wall area. Steel electrical boxes in adjacent fire separation walls must be separated by a horizontal distance of not less than 24 inches. (ii) Listed 2-hour fire-resistant nonmetallic electrical boxes are installed in accordance with the listings. (iii) No other membrane penetrations are allowed. (c) Continuity of walls. The fire separation walls for single-family attached dwelling units must be continuous from the foundation to the underside of the roof sheathing, deck, or slab and must extend the full length of the fire separation walls. (d) Parapets. (1) Parapets constructed in accordance with paragraph (d)(2) of this section must be provided for attached manufactured homes as an extension of fire separation walls in accordance with the following: (i) Where roof surfaces adjacent to the fire separation walls are at the same elevation, the parapet must extend not less than 30 inches above the roof surfaces. (ii) Where roof surfaces adjacent to the wall or walls are at different elevations and the higher roof is not more than 30 inches above the lower roof surface, the parapet must not extend less than 30 inches above the lower roof surface. (A) Parapets must be provided unless roofs are of a Class C roof covering and the roof decking or sheathing is of noncombustible materials or approved fire-retardant-treated wood for a distance of four feet on each side of the common fire separation walls; or one layer of 5/8 inch Type X gypsum board or equivalent is installed directly beneath the roof decking or sheathing for a distance of four feet on each side of the fire separation walls. (B) A parapet must not be required where roof surfaces adjacent to the common walls are at different elevations and the higher roof is more than 30 inches above the lower roof. The fire separation wall construction from the lower roof to the underside of the higher roof deck must not have less than a 1-hour fire-resistive rating. The wall must be rated for exposure from both sides. (2) Parapets must have the same fire resistance rating as that required for the supporting wall or walls. On any side adjacent to a roof surface, the parapet must have noncombustible faces for the uppermost 18 inches, to include counter flashing and coping materials. Where the roof slopes toward a parapet at slopes greater than 2/12 (16.7 percent slope), the parapet must extend to the same height as any portion of the roof within a distance of three feet, but in no case will the height be less than 30 inches." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.11.1.4,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,K,Subpart K—Attached Manufactured Homes and Special Construction Considerations,,§ 3280.1004 Exterior walls.,HUD,,,,"(a) The requirements of § 3280.504 for condensation control and vapor retarder installation are required to be provided on each fire separation wall of each attached manufactured home. (b) The requirements of § 3280.506 for heat loss/gain insulation apply to the fire separation wall on each attached manufactured home." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.11.1.5,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,K,Subpart K—Attached Manufactured Homes and Special Construction Considerations,,§ 3280.1005 Electrical service.,HUD,,,,"(a) Each attached manufactured home must be supplied by only one service. (b) Service conductors supplying one manufactured home must not pass through the interior of another manufactured home." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.11.1.6,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,K,Subpart K—Attached Manufactured Homes and Special Construction Considerations,,§ 3280.1006 Water service.,HUD,,,,"(a) Each manufactured home must have an individual water supply that will service only that unit. (b) Each manufactured home must have a hot water supply system that will service only that unit." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.1,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.101 Scope.,HUD,,,,Subpart B states the planning requirements in manufactured homes. The intent of this subpart is to assure the adequacy of architectural planning considerations which assist in determining a safe and healthful environment. 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.10,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.110 Minimum room dimensions.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, and further redesignated at 58 FR 55004, Oct. 25, 1993]",The gross floor area required by § 3280.110 (a) and (b) shall have no clear horizontal dimension less than 5 feet except as permitted by § 3280.102(a). 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.11,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.111 Toilet compartments.,HUD,,,"[86 FR 2517, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) Each toilet compartment must be a minimum of 30 inches wide, except, when the toilet is located adjacent to the short dimension of the tub, the distance from the tub, to the center line of the toilet must not be less than 12 inches. At least 21 inches of clear space must be provided in front of each toilet. (b) All bathroom passage doors in single-section homes must have a minimum clear opening width of 23 inches, and bathroom passage doors in multi-section homes must have a minimum clear opening width of 27 inches." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.12,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.112 Hallways.,HUD,,,"[89 FR 75744, Sept. 16, 2024]","Hallways must have a minimum horizontal dimension of 28 inches measured from the interior finished surface to the interior finished surface of the opposite wall. For manufactured homes with 14 feet of inside width or more, hallways must have a minimum horizontal dimension of 30 inches measured from the interior finished surface to the interior finished surface of the opposite wall. When appliances are installed in a laundry area, the measurement must be from the front of the appliance to the opposite finished interior surface. When appliances are not installed and a laundry area is provided, the area must have a minimum clear depth of 27 inches in addition to the 28 inches, or 30 inches for manufactured homes with 14 feet of inside width or greater, required for passage. In addition, a notice of the available clearance for washer/dryer units must be posted in the laundry area. Minor protrusions into the minimum hallway width by doorknobs, trim, smoke alarms or light fixtures are permitted." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.13,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.113 Glass and glazed openings.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 52 FR 4581, Feb. 12, 1987. Redesignated at 58 FR 55004, Oct. 25, 1993; 78 FR 73981, Dec. 9, 2013; 86 FR 2517, Jan. 12, 2021; 89 FR 75745, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Windows and sliding glass doors. All windows and sliding glass doors shall meet the requirements of § 3280.403 the “Standard for Windows and Sliding Glass Doors Used in Manufactured Homes”. (b) Required glazed openings shall be permitted to face into a roofed porch where the porch abuts a street, yard, or court and the longer side of the porch is at least 65 percent open and unobstructed and the ceiling height is not less than 7 feet. (c) Hazardous locations requiring safety glazing. Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, the following locations and areas require the use of safety glazing conforming to the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section: (1) Glazing in all entrance or exit doors; (2) Glazing in fixed and sliding panels of sliding glass doors; (3) Glazing in storm-type doors; (4) Glazing in unframed side-hinged swinging doors; (5) Glazing in doors and fixed panels less than 60 inches above the room floor level that enclose bathtubs, showers, hydromassage tubs, hot tubs, whirlpools, saunas; (6) Glazing within 12 inches horizontally, as measured from the edge of the door in the closed position, and 60 inches vertically as measured from the room floor level, adjacent to and in the same plane of a door; (7) Glazing within 36 inches of an interior room walking surface when the glazing meets all of the following: (i) Individual glazed panels exceed 9 square feet in area in an exposed surface area; (ii) The bottom edge of the exposed glazing is less than 19 inches above the room floor level; and (iii) The top edge of the exposed glazing is greater than 36 inches above the room floor level. (8) Glazing in rails and guardrails; and (9) Glazing in unbacked mirrored wardrobe doors (i.e., mirrors that are not secured to a backing that is capable of being the door itself). (d) Safety glazing is any glazing material capable of meeting the requirements of Consumer Product Safety Commission 16 CFR part 1201, or ANSI Z97.1 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (e) Glazing in the following locations is not required to meet the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section: (1) Openings in doors through which a 3-inch sphere is unable to pass; (2) Leaded and decorative glazed panels; (3) Glazing in jalousie-type doors; (4) Glazing as described in paragraph (b)(6) of this section when an intervening wall or other permanent barrier exists between the door and the glazing; (5) Glazing as described in paragraph (b)(7) of this section when a protective bar or member is installed horizontally between 34 inches and 38 inches above the room floor level, as long as the bar or member is a minimum of 1 1/2 inches in height and capable of resisting a horizontal load of 50 pounds per lineal foot; and (6) Mirrors mounted on a flush door surface or solid wall surface." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.14,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.114 Stairways.,HUD,,,"[86 FR 2517, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) Stairways —(1) General. These minimum standards apply to stairways that are designed and constructed as part of the factory-completed transportable section(s) of a manufactured home, such as interior stairways for multi-level or multi-story homes or external stairways for multi-level construction features that are designed and constructed in the factory on a transportable section and integral to the access and egress needs within the transportable section(s) of a home. These standards do not apply to exterior stairways that are built at the home site or stairways to basement areas that are not designed and built as part of a transportable section of a manufactured home. (2) Width. Stairways must not be less than 36 inches in clear width at all points above permitted handrail height and below the required headroom height. Handrails must not project more than 4 1/2 inches on either side of the stairway and the minimum clear width of the stairway at and below the handrail height, including treads and landings, must not be less than 31 1/2 inches where a handrail is installed on one side and 27 inches where handrails are provided on both sides. (3) Stair treads and risers —(i) Riser height and tread depth. The maximum riser height must not exceed 8 1/4 inches and the minimum tread depth must not be less than 9 inches. The riser height must be measured vertically between leading edges of the adjacent treads. The tread depth must be measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the tread's leading edge. The walking surface of treads and landings of a stairway must be sloped no steeper than one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (a 2-percent slope). The greatest riser height within any flight of stairs must not exceed the smallest by more than 3/8 inch. The greatest tread depth within any flight of stairs must not exceed the smallest by more than 3/8 inch. (ii) Profile. The radius of curvature at the leading edge of the tread must not be greater than 9/16 inch. A nosing not less than 3/4 inch but not more than 1 1/4 inches shall be provided on stairways with solid risers. The greatest nosing projection must not exceed the smallest nosing projection by more than 3/4 inch between two stories, including the nosing at the level of floors and landings. Beveling of nosing must not exceed 1/2 inch. Risers must be vertical or sloped from the underside of the leading edge of the tread above at an angle not more than 30 degrees from the vertical. Open risers are permitted, provided that the opening between treads does not permit the passage of a 4-inch diameter sphere. A nosing is not required where the tread depth is a minimum of 11 inches. The opening between adjacent treads is not limited on stairs with a total rise of 30 inches or less. (4) Headroom. The minimum headroom in all parts of the stairway must not be less than 6 feet 8 inches, measured vertically from the sloped plane adjoining the tread nosing or from the floor surface of the landing or platform. (5) Winders (winding stairways). Winders are permitted, provided that the width of the tread at a point not more than 12 inches from the side where the treads are narrower is not less than 10 inches and the minimum width of any tread is not less than 6 inches. Within any flight of stairs, the greatest winder tread depth at the 12-inch walk line must not exceed the smallest by more than 3/8 inch. The continuous handrail required by paragraph (c)(3) of this section must be located on the side where the tread is narrower. (6) Spiral stairways. Spiral stairways are permitted provided the minimum width is a minimum 26 inches with each tread having 7 1/2 inch minimum tread width at 12 inches from the narrow edge. All treads must be identical, and the rise must be no more than 9 1/2 inches. Minimum headroom of 6 feet, 6 inches must be provided. (7) Circular stairways. Circular stairways must have a tread depth at a point not more than 12 inches from the side where the treads are narrower of not less than 11 inches and the minimum depth of any tread must not be less than 6 inches. Tread depth at any walking line, measured a consistent distance from a side of the stairway, must be uniform as specified in paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section. (b) Landings. Every landing must have a minimum dimension of 36 inches measured in the direction of travel. Landings must be located as follows: (1) There must be a floor or landing at the top and bottom of each stairway, except at the top of an interior flight of basement stairs, provided a door does not swing over the stairs. (2) A landing or floor must be located on each side of an interior doorway and exterior doorway, to the extent the external stairway is designed by the home manufacturer and constructed in the factory, and the width of each landing must not be less than the door it serves. The maximum threshold height above the floor or landing must be 1 1/2 -inches. (c) Handrails —(1) General. A minimum of one handrail meeting the requirements of this section must be installed on all stairways consisting of four or more risers. Handrails must be securely attached to structural framing members. A minimum space of 1 1/2 inches must be provided between the adjoining wall surface and the handrail. (2) Handrail height. Handrails must be installed between 34 inches and 38 inches measured vertically from the leading edge of the stairway treads except that handrails installed up to 42 inches high must be permitted if serving as the upper rails of guards required by paragraph (d) of this section. (3) Continuity. Required handrails must be continuous from a point directly above the leading edge of the lowest stair tread to a point directly above the leading edge of the landing or floor surface at the top of the stairway. If the handrail is extended at the top of the stairway flight, the extension must parallel the floor or landing surface and must be at the same height as the handrail above the leading edges of the treads. If the handrail is extended at the base of the stair, it must continue to slope parallel to the stair flight for a distance of one tread depth, measured horizontally, before being terminated or returned or extended horizontally. The ends of handrails must return into a wall or terminate in a safety terminal or newel post. (4) Graspability. Required handrails must, if circular in cross section, have a minimum 1 1/4 -inch and a maximum 2-inch diameter dimension. Handrails with a noncircular cross section must have a perimeter dimension of at least 4 inches and not more than 6 1/4 inches (with a maximum cross-section dimension of not more than 2 1/4 inches). The handgrip portion of the handrail must have a smooth surface. Edges must have a minimum 1/8 -inch radius. Handrails must be continuously graspable along their entire length except that brackets or balusters are not considered obstructions to graspability if they do not project horizontally beyond the sides of the handrail within 1 1/2 inches of the bottom of the handrail. (5) Required resistance of handrails. Handrails must be designed to resist a load of 20 lb./ft applied in any direction at the top and to transfer this load through the supports to the structure. All handrails must be able to resist a single concentrated load of 200 lbs., applied in any direction at any point along the top, and have attachment devices and supporting structures to transfer this loading to appropriate structural elements of the building. This load is not required to be assumed to act concurrently with the loads specified in this section. (d) Guards. (1) Porches, balconies, or raised floor surfaces located more than 30 inches above the floor or grade below must have guards not less than 36 inches in height. Open sides of stairs with a total rise of more than 30 inches above the floor or grade below must have guards not less than 34 inches in height measured vertically from the nosing of the treads. Balconies and porches on the second floor or higher must have guards a minimum of 42 inches in height. (2) Required guards on open sides of stairways, raised floor areas, balconies, and porches must have intermediate rails or ornamental closures that do not allow passage of a sphere 4 inches in diameter. (i) The triangular openings formed by the riser, tread and bottom rail of a guard at the open side of the stairway must be of such a size that a sphere of 6 inches cannot pass through. (ii) Guard systems must be designed to resist a load of 20 lb./ft applied in any direction at the top and to transfer this load through the supports to the structure. All guard systems must be able to resist a single concentrated load of 200 lb., applied in any direction at any point along the top and have attachment devices and supporting structures to transfer this loading to appropriate structural elements of the building. This load is not required to be assumed to act concurrently with the loads specified in this section. (e) Stairway illumination. All interior and exterior stairways must be provided with a means to illuminate the stairways, including the landings and treads. (1) Interior stairways must be provided with an artificial light source located in the immediate vicinity of each landing of the stairway. For interior stairs, the artificial light sources must be capable of illuminating treads and landings to levels not less than one (1) foot-candle measured at the center of treads and landings. The control and activation of the required interior stairway lighting must be accessible at the top and bottom of each stairway without traversing any steps. (2) Exterior stairways designed by the home manufacturer and constructed in the factory must be provided with an artificial light source located in the immediate vicinity of the top landing of the stairway. An artificial light source is not required at the top and bottom landing, provided an artificial light source is located directly over each stairway section. The illumination of exterior stairways must be controlled from inside the home." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.15,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.115 Sound transmission between multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes.,HUD,,,"[89 FR 75745, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Scope. This section applies to common interior walls, partitions, and floor/ceiling assemblies between adjacent dwelling units. (b) Air-borne sound. Walls, partitions, and floor/ceiling assemblies between stories separating dwelling units from each other must have a sound transmission class (STC) of not less than 34 for air-borne noise when tested in accordance with ASTM E90 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) or calculated. Penetrations or openings in construction assemblies for piping; electrical devices; recessed cabinets; bathtubs; soffits; or heating, ventilating, or exhaust ducts must be sealed, lined, insulated or otherwise treated to maintain the required ratings. This requirement does not apply to dwelling unit entrance doors; however, such doors must be tight fitting to the frame and sill. (c) Structure-borne sound. Floor/ceiling assemblies between stories separating dwelling units must have an impact insulation class (IIC) rating of not less than 34 when tested in accordance with ASTM E492 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4)." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.2,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.102 Definitions.,HUD,,,"[89 FR 75744, Sept. 16, 2024]","Air, exhaust means air discharged from any space to the outside by an exhaust system. Air, outdoor means air from outside the building taken into a ventilation system or air from outside the building that enters a space through infiltration or natural ventilation openings. Exhaust system means one or more exhaust fans that remove air from the building, causing outdoor air to enter by ventilation inlets or normal leakage paths through the building envelope. Gross floor area means all space, wall to wall, including recessed entries not to exceed five (5) square feet and areas under built-in vanities and similar furniture. When the ceiling height is less than that specified in § 3280.104, the floor area under such ceilings must not be included in the gross floor area. Floor area of closets must also not be included in the gross floor area. Habitable room means a room or enclosed floor space arranged for living, eating, food preparation, or sleeping purposes not including bathrooms, foyers, hallways, and other accessory floor space. Laundry area means an area containing or designed to contain a laundry tray, clothes washer and/or clothes dryer. Mechanical ventilation means the active process of supplying air to or removing air from an indoor space by powered equipment such as motor-driven fans and blowers but not by devices such as wind-turbine ventilators and mechanically operated windows. Natural ventilation means ventilation occurring as a result of natural forces, such as wind pressure or differences in air density, through intentional openings such as open windows or doors. Supply system means one or more fans that supply outdoor air to the building, causing indoor air to leave by normal air leakage through the building envelope. Ventilation means the process of supplying outdoor air to or removing indoor air from the manufactured home by natural or mechanical means. Such air may or may not have been conditioned." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.3,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.103 Light and ventilation.,HUD,,,"[58 FR 55003, Oct. 25, 1993, as amended at 70 FR 72042, Nov. 30, 2005; 86 FR 2517, Jan. 12, 2021; 89 FR 75744, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Lighting. Each habitable room shall be provided with exterior windows and/or doors having a total glazed area of not less than 8 percent of the gross floor area. (1) Kitchens, bathrooms, toilet compartments, laundry areas, and utility rooms may be provided with artificial light in place of windows. (2) Rooms and areas may be combined for the purpose of providing the required natural lighting provided that at least one half of the common wall area is open and unobstructed, and the open area is at least equal to 10 percent of the combined floor area or 25 square feet whichever is greater. (b) Whole-house ventilation. Each dwelling unit of a manufactured home must be provided with a whole-house mechanical ventilation having the capability to provide a minimum capacity of 0.035 ft 3 /min/ft 2 of interior floor space or its hourly average equivalent. This ventilation capacity must be in addition to any openable window area. In no case shall the installed ventilation capacity of the system be less than 50 cfm. The following criteria must be adhered to: (1) The ventilation capacity must be provided by a mechanical ventilation system or a combination natural and mechanical ventilation system. (2) The ventilation system or provisions for ventilation must exchange air directly with the exterior of the home, except the ventilation system, or provisions for ventilation must not draw or expel air with the space underneath the home. The ventilation system or provisions for ventilation must not draw or expel air into the floor, wall, or ceiling/roof systems, even if those systems are vented. The ventilation system must be designed to ensure that outside air is distributed to all bedrooms and main living areas. The combined use of undercut doors or transom grills connecting those areas to the room where the mechanical system is located is deemed to meet this requirement. (3) The ventilation supply system or a portion of the ventilation supply system is permitted to be integral with the home's heating or cooling system. The supply system must be capable of operating independently of the heating and cooling modes. A mechanical ventilation supply system that is integral with the heating and cooling system is to be listed as part of the heating and cooling system or listed as suitable for use with that system. (4) A mechanical ventilation system, or mechanical portion thereof, must be provided with a manual control, and must be permitted to be provided with automatic timers or humidistats. (5) A whole-house ventilation label must be attached to the whole-house ventilation control, must be permanent, and must state: “WHOLE-HOUSE VENTILATION”. (6) Instructions for correctly operating and maintaining whole-house ventilation systems must be included with the homeowner's manual. The instructions must encourage occupants to operate these systems whenever the home is occupied, and must refer to the labeled whole-house ventilation control. (c) Additional ventilation. (1) At least half of the minimum required glazed area in paragraph (a) of this section shall be openable directly to the outside of the manufactured home for unobstructed ventilation. These same ventilation requirements apply to rooms combined in accordance with § 3280.103(a)(2). (2) Kitchens must be provided with a local exhaust system that is capable of exhausting 100 cfm to the outside of the home. The local exhaust system must be located as close as possible to the range or cook top, but in no case farther than 3 feet horizontally from the range or cooktop. (3) Each bathroom and separate toilet compartment must be provided with a local exhaust system capable of exhausting 50 cfm to the outside of the home. A separate toilet compartment may be provided with 1.5 square feet of openable glazed area in place of a local exhaust system, except in Uo value Zone 3. (d) Optional ventilation provisions. As an option to complying with the provisions of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, ventilation systems complying with ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) may be used. (e) Airflow rating. During the design stage, the airflow rating at a pressure of 0.25 inch water column may be used, provided the duct sizing meets the prescriptive requirements of table 5.3 in ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) or ventilation system manufacturer's design criteria." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.4,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.104 Ceiling heights.,HUD,,,,"(a) Every habitable room and bathroom shall have a minimum ceiling height of not less than 7 feet, 0 inches for a minimum of 50 percent of the room's floor area. The remaining area may have a ceiling with a minimum height of 5 feet, 0 inches. Minimum height under dropped ducts, beams, etc. shall be 6 feet, 4 inches. (b) Hallways and foyers shall have a minimum ceiling height of 6 feet, 6 inches." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.5,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.105 Exit facilities; exterior doors.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 50 FR 9269, Mar. 7, 1985; 78 FR 73981, Dec. 9, 2013; 89 FR 75744, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Number and location of exterior doors. Each dwelling unit of a manufactured home must have a minimum of two exterior doors located remotely from each other. (1) Required egress doors shall not be located in rooms where a lockable interior door must be used in order to exit. (2) In order for exit doors to be considered remote from each other, they must comply with all of the following: (i) Both of the required doors must not be in the same room. Rooms are defined by their use or purpose. (ii) Single wide units. Doors may not be less than 12 ft. c-c from each other as measured in any straight line direction regardless of the length of path of travel between doors. (iii) Double wide units. Doors may not be less than 20 ft. c-c from each other as measured in any straight line direction regardless of the length of path of travel between doors. (iv) One of the required exit doors must be accessible from the doorway of each bedroom without traveling more than 35 feet. The travel distance to the exit door must be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the center-line of the natural and unobstructed path of travel starting at the center of the bedroom door, curving around any corners or permanent obstructions with a one-foot clearance from, and ending at, the center of the exit door. (b) Door design and construction. (1) Exterior swinging doors shall be constructed in accordance with § 3280.405 the “Standard for Swinging Exterior Passage Doors for Use in Manufactured Homes”. Exterior sliding glass doors shall be constructed in accordance with § 3280.403 the “Standard for Windows and Sliding Glass Doors Used in Manufactured Homes”. (2) All exterior swinging doors must provide a minimum 28 inch wide by 74 inch high clear opening. Door seals and/or door stops are permitted to reduce the opening, either vertically or horizontally, by a maximum of one inch, except for the one egress door where door seals and/or door stops are not permitted to reduce the opening. All exterior sliding glass doors must provide a minimum 28 inch wide by 72 inch high clear opening. At least one exterior egress door must provide a minimum of 32 inch wide by 74 inch high clear opening and door seals and/or door stops are not permitted to reduce the opening. (3) Each swinging exterior door other than screen or storm doors shall have a key-operated lock that has a deadlocking latch or a key-operated dead bolt with a passage latch. Locks shall not require the use of a key for operation from the inside. (4) All exterior doors, including storm and screen doors, opening outward shall be provided with a safety door check." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.6,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.106 Exit facilities; egress windows and devices.,HUD,,,"[49 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 49 FR 36086, Sept. 14, 1984; 52 FR 4581, Feb. 12, 1987]","(a) Every room designed expressly for sleeping purposes, unless it has an exit door ( see § 3280.105), shall have at least one outside window or approved exit device which meets the requirements of § 3280.404, the “Standard for Egress Windows and Devices for Use in Manufactured Homes.” (b) The bottom of the window opening shall not be more than 36 inches above the floor. (c) Locks, latches, operating handles, tabs, and any other window screen or storm window devices which need to be operated in order to permit exiting, shall not be located in excess of 54 inches from the finished floor. (d) Integral rolled-in screens shall not be permitted in an egress window unless the window is of the hinged-type." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.7,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.107 Interior privacy.,HUD,,,,Bathroom and toilet compartment doors shall be equipped with a privacy lock. 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.8,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.108 Interior passage.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975, as amended at 86 FR 2517, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) Interior doors having passage hardware without a privacy lock, or with a privacy lock not engaged, shall open from either side by a single movement of the hardware mechanism in any direction. (b) Each manufactured home interior door, when provided with a privacy lock, shall have a privacy lock that has an emergency release on the outside to permit entry when the lock has been locked by a locking knob, lever, button, or other locking device on the inside. (c) All interior swinging doors must have a minimum clear opening of 27 inches except doors to toilet compartments in single-section homes (see § 3280.111(b)), and doors to closets and pantries." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.2.1.9,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,B,Subpart B—Planning Considerations,,§ 3280.109 Room requirements.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, and further redesignated at 58 FR 55004, Oct. 25, 1993, as amended at 89 FR 75744, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Each dwelling unit of a manufactured home must have at least one living area with a minimum of 150 square feet of gross floor area. (b) Rooms designed for sleeping purposes shall have a minimum gross square foot floor area as follows: (1) All bedrooms shall have at least 50 sq. ft. of floor area. (2) Bedrooms designed for two or more people shall have 70 sq. ft. of floor area plus 50 sq. ft. for each person in excess of two. (c) Every room designed for sleeping purposes shall have accessible clothes hanging space with a minimum inside depth of 22 inches and shall be equipped with a rod and shelf." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.1,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.201 Scope.,HUD,,,,The purpose of this subpart is to set forth requirements that will assure reasonable fire safety to the occupants by reducing fire hazards and by providing measures for early detection. 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.10,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.210 Fire testing.,HUD,,,"[49 FR 32011, Aug. 9, 1984. Redesignated at 78 FR 73982, Dec. 9, 2013]","All fire testing conducted in accordance with this subpart shall be performed by nationally recognized testing laboratories which have expertise in fire technology. In case of dispute, the Secretary shall determine if a particular agency is qualified to perform such fire tests." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.11,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.211 Carbon monoxide alarm requirements.,HUD,,,"[86 FR 2519, Jan. 12, 2021, as amended at 89 FR 75745, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Labeling. Carbon monoxide alarms shall be listed and must bear a label to evidence conformance with UL 2034 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). Combination carbon monoxide and smoke alarms shall be listed and must bear a label to evidence conformance with UL 2034 and UL 217 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (b) Required carbon monoxide alarm locations. Carbon monoxide alarms must be installed in each home containing either a fuel burning appliance or designed by the home manufacturer to include an attached garage. Carbon monoxide alarms must be installed outside of each separate sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms and in accordance with the alarm manufacturer's installation instructions. Where a fuel-burning appliance is located within a bedroom or its attached bathroom, a carbon monoxide alarm must be installed within the bedroom and in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions. Carbon monoxide alarms must be installed in conformance with NFPA 720 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (c) Interconnectivity. Where more than one carbon monoxide alarm is required to be installed, the alarm devices shall be interconnected in such a manner that the actuation of one alarm will activate all the alarms installed. (d) Connection to power source. Each carbon monoxide alarm must be powered from the electrical system of the home as the primary power source and a battery as a secondary power source. (e) Combination alarms. Combination carbon monoxide and smoke alarms shall be permitted to be used in lieu of carbon monoxide alarms. When combination carbon monoxide and smoke alarms are used, they shall be installed to also comply with § 3280.209. (f) Basement applications. For each home designed to be placed over a basement, the manufacturer must provide a carbon monoxide alarm for the basement and must install the electrical junction box for the installation of this carbon monoxide alarm for its interconnection with other alarms required by this section. (g) Testing. Each required carbon monoxide alarm installed at the factory must be operationally tested, after conducting the dielectric test specified in § 3280.810(a), in accordance with the alarm manufacturer's instructions. A carbon monoxide alarm that does not function as designed during the test and is not satisfactorily repaired so that it functions properly in the next retest must be replaced. Any replacement carbon monoxide alarm must be successfully tested in accordance with this section." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.12,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.212 Factory constructed or site-built attached garages.,HUD,,,"[86 FR 2519, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) When a manufactured home is designed for factory construction with an attached garage or is designed for construction of an attached site-built garage that is not self-supported, the manufacturer must design the manufactured home to accommodate all appropriate live and dead loads from the attached garage structure that will be transferred through the manufactured home structure to the home's support and anchoring systems. (b) The design must specify the following home and garage characteristics including maximum width, maximum sidewall height, maximum roof slope, live and dead loads, and other design limitations or restrictions using loads provided by this Code. (c) When a manufactured home is factory constructed with an attached garage or is constructed for the attachment of a site-built garage, provisions must be made to provide fire separation between the garage and the manufactured home. (1) The garage must be separated from the manufactured home and its attic by not less than 1/2 -inch gypsum board or equivalent applied to the garage side of the manufactured home, separation shall be from the underside of the floor to the underside of the roof deck and may be provided on-site as part of an On Site Completion of Construction approval. Garages beneath habitable rooms must be separated from all habitable rooms by 5/8 -inch, Type X gypsum board or equivalent. Where the separation is a floor ceiling assembly, the structure supporting the separation must also be protected by not less than 1/2 -inch gypsum board or equivalent. The design approval and the manufacturer's installation instructions must also include provision for equivalent vertical or horizontal separation between the garage and the manufactured home as appropriate. (2) [Reserved] (d) Openings from a garage directly into a room designated for sleeping purposes are not permitted. (e) Other openings between the garage and the manufactured home must: (1) Be equipped with solid wood doors not less than 1 3/8 inch in thickness, or solid or honeycomb steel doors not less than 1 3/8 inch in thickness, or 20-minute fire-rated doors, and all doors shall be of the self-closing type; and (2) Be in addition to the two exterior doors required by § 3280.105. (f) Ducts penetrating the walls or ceilings separating the manufactured home from the garage must be constructed of a minimum No. 26 gauge steel or other approved material and must have no openings into the garage. (g) Installation instructions shall be provided by the home manufacturer that, in addition to addressing the fire separation as required in this section, shall identify acceptable attachment locations, indicate design limitations for the attachment of the garage including acceptable live and dead loads for which the home has been designed to accommodate, and provide support and anchorage designs as necessary to transfer all imposed loads to the ground in accordance with §§ 3285.301 and 3285.401 of this chapter. (h) A site-built, self-supported garage is considered an add-on, per 3282.8(j)(1), that does not affect the ability of the manufactured home to comply with the Construction and Safety Standards. The design and construction of the garage is subject to state and or local authorities having jurisdiction." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.13,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.213 Factory constructed or site-built attached carports.,HUD,,,"[86 FR 2519, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) When a manufactured home is designed for factory construction with an attached carport or is designed for construction of an attached site-built carport, the manufacturer must design the manufactured home to accommodate all appropriate live and dead loads from the attached carport structure that will be transferred through the manufactured home structure to the home's support and anchoring systems. (b) The design, including the home's installation instructions, must specify the following home and carport characteristics including maximum width, maximum sidewall height, live and dead loads, and other design limitations or restrictions. (1) Alternatively, the manufacturer may provide, by design and home installation instructions, the maximum live and dead loads, and the applied loading locations, that the home is designed to resist from the carport, and other design limitations or restrictions. (2) [Reserved]. (c) Homes may be designed with a factory-installed host beam ( i.e., ledger board) or specific roof truss rail for the attachment of the carport to the exterior wall of the home. The host beam ( i.e., ledger board) must be designed to transmit the appropriate live and dead loads at the interface between the carport and the manufactured home. In cases where the carport is designed to be supported by the roof truss overhang, the roof trusses must be designed to support the additional live and dead loads from the carport. (1) Any portion of the host beam ( i.e., ledger board) and all fasteners exposed to the weather shall be protected in accordance with § 3280.307. (2) [Reserved]. (d) To ensure that the attachment of the carport does not interfere with roof or attic ventilation, the manufacturer must provide specific instructions to ensure continued compliance with the manufactured home roof or attic ventilation requirements in accordance with § 3280.504(d). (e) Installation instructions shall be provided by the home manufacturer that identify acceptable attachment locations, indicate design limitations for the attachment of the carport including acceptable live and dead loads for which the home has been designed to accommodate, and provide support and anchorage designs as necessary to transfer all imposed loads to the ground in accordance with §§ 3285.301 and 3285.401 of this chapter. (1) The manufacturer must ensure that any anchoring system designs incorporating anchorage to resist combined shear wall and carport uplift loads are evaluated for adequacy to resist the combined loads, taking into consideration the limitations of the ground anchor test and certification. (2) [Reserved]. (f) A site-built, self-supported carport is considered an add-on, as provided by § 3282.8(j)(1), that does not affect the ability of the manufactured home to comply with the standards. The design and construction of the carport is subject to state and or local authorities having jurisdiction." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.14,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.214 Fire sprinkler system requirements.,HUD,,,"[89 FR 75745, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) General. (1) Fire sprinkler systems are not required by this subpart; however, when a manufacturer installs a fire sprinkler system as an optional feature selected by the consumer or to meet State or local laws and regulations, this section establishes the requirements for the installation of a fire sprinkler system in a manufactured home. (2) This section applies to both stand-alone and multipurpose fire sprinkler systems that do not include the use of antifreeze. (3) A back-flow preventer is not required to separate a stand-alone sprinkler system from the water distribution system. (b) Design. The design of the fire sprinkler system itself shall be in accordance with NFPA 13D (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) or a design which is deemed to be equivalent to the design method used in NFPA 13D. (c) Sprinkler location. Sprinklers must be installed to protect all areas inside the manufactured home except: (1) Attics and normally unoccupied concealed spaces; (2) Closets not exceeding 24 square feet in area, with the smallest dimension not greater than three feet and having at least one base layer of minimum 5/16 inch thick gypsum board on wall and ceiling surfaces; (3) Bathrooms not more than 55 square feet in area; (4) Garages, carports, open attached porches and similar structures; and (5) Closets or alcoves containing heat-producing appliance, regardless of size if the closet or alcove complies with § 3280.203(b)(3). (d) Sprinklers. Sprinklers shall be new, listed residential sprinklers and shall be installed in accordance with the sprinkler manufacturer's installation instructions. (e) Temperature rating and separation from heat sources. Sprinklers are to have a temperature rating and be separated from heat sources as follows: (1) Sprinklers separated from heat sources as required by the sprinkler manufacturer's installation instructions are to a have a temperature rating of no less than 135 °F (57 °C) and not more than 170 °F (77 °C). (2) Sprinklers located within the distance to a heat source as specified in table 7.5.5.3 of NFPA 13D (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) are to have an intermediate temperature rating not less than 175 °F (79 °C) and not more than 225 °F (107 °C) when installed in the following locations: (i) Attics; (ii) Concealed spaces located directly beneath a roof; and (iii) Directly under skylights where the sprinkler is exposed to direct sunlight. (f) Freezing areas. Piping must be protected from freezing as required by § 3280.603(b)(4). Where sprinklers are required in areas subject to freezing, dry-sidewall or dry-pendent sprinklers extending from nonfreezing area into a freezing area, must be installed. (g) Sprinkler area of coverage. The area of coverage of a single sprinkler shall not exceed 400 square feet and shall be based on the sprinkler listing and the sprinkler manufacturer's installation instructions. Sprinkler discharge shall not be blocked by obstructions unless additional sprinklers are installed to protect the obstructed area. Sprinkler separation from obstructions shall comply with the minimum distances specified in the sprinkler manufacturer's instructions. Pendent sprinklers within 3 feet of the center of a ceiling fan, surface-mounted ceiling light or other similar object shall be considered to be obstructed and additional sprinklers shall be installed, except that in all closets 50 square feet or less in size, one sprinkler shall be sufficient. Sidewall sprinklers within 5 feet of the center of a ceiling fan, surface-mounted ceiling light or other similar object shall be considered to be obstructed and additional sprinklers shall be installed. (h) Sprinkler installation on systems assembled with solvent cement. The solvent cementing of threaded adapter fittings shall be completed and threaded adapters for sprinklers shall be verified as being clear of excess cement prior to the installation of sprinklers on systems assembled with solvent cement. (i) Painting, caulking or modifying sprinklers is prohibited. Painted, caulked, modified, or damaged sprinklers shall be replaced. (j) Sprinkler piping support. Sprinkler piping shall be supported in accordance with § 3280.608. Sprinkler piping must comply with all requirements for cold-water distribution piping. For multipurpose piping systems, the sprinkler piping shall connect to and be part of the cold-water distribution piping system. Nonmetallic pipe and tubing, such as CPVC and PEX, shall be listed for use in residential fire sprinkler systems. Nonmetallic pipe and tubing systems shall be protected from exposure to the living space by a layer of not less than 5/16 inch thick gypsum wallboard, 1/2 inch thick plywood, or other material having a 15 minute fire rating. Pipe protection shall not be required where exposed piping is permitted by the pipe listing and in areas that do not require protection with sprinklers as specified in paragraph (c) of this section. (k) Shutoff valves. Shutoff valves shall not be installed in any location where the valve would isolate piping serving one or more sprinklers, except for shutoff valves installed for the entire water distribution system. (l) Means of drainage. A means to drain the sprinkler system shall be provided on the system side of the water supply inlet. (m) Minimum flow rate. The sprinkler system must provide at least the flow rate required to produce a minimum discharge density of 0.05 gpm/ft 2 from each sprinkler and be determined by using the sprinkler manufacturer's published data for the specific sprinkler model based on the area of coverage, ceiling configuration, temperature rating and any other conditions specified by the sprinkler manufacturer. (n) Design flow rate. The design flow rate for the sprinkler system shall be based on the following: (1) The design flow rate for a room having only one sprinkler shall be the flow rate required for that sprinkler, as determined by paragraph (m) of this section. (2) The design flow rate for a room having two or more sprinklers shall be determined by identifying the sprinkler in that room with the highest required flow rate, based on paragraph (m) of this section, and multiplying that flow rate by two. (3) Where the sprinkler manufacturer's instructions specify different criteria for ceiling configurations that are not smooth, flat and horizontal, the required design flow rate for the room shall comply with the sprinkler manufacturer's instructions. (4) The design flow rate for the sprinkler system shall be the flow required by the room with the largest flow rate, based on paragraph (n)(1), (2), or (3) of this section. (5) For the purposes of this section, it shall be permissible to reduce the design flow rate for a room by subdividing the space into two or more rooms, where each room is evaluated separately with respect to the required design flow rate. Walls and a ceiling shall bound each room. Openings in walls shall have a lintel (header) not less than 8 inches in depth and each lintel shall form a solid barrier between the ceiling and the top of the opening. (o) Pipe sizing and minimum required supply pressure. (1) The piping to sprinklers shall be sized for the flow required by paragraph (n) of this section. The flow rate required to supply the plumbing fixtures shall not be required to be added to the sprinkler design flow rate. The minimum pipe size from the water supply inlet to any sprinkler shall be 3/4 inch diameter. Threaded adapter fittings at the point where sprinklers are attached to the piping shall be a minimum of 1/2 inch diameter. (2) Piping shall be sized by determining the Available Pressure to offset friction loss in piping and identifying a piping material, diameter and length in accordance with the following: (i) Minimum supply pressure required. The following equation shall be used to determine the required supply pressure at the fire sprinkler system supply inlet. Equation 1 to Paragraph (o)(2)(i): PSUP = PT+PLE+PSP Where: PSUP = Pressure required at the fire sprinkler system supply inlet. ( Note: This is the pressure which is entered on the Fire Sprinkler System Certificate under “Minimum Water Supply Required.”) PT = Pressure loss in the fire sprinkler system piping. PLE = Pressure loss from elevation change. ( Note: Normally 4.4 psi for single story houses and 8.7 psi for two story houses). PSP = Maximum pressure required by a sprinkler. PSUP = PT+PLE+PSP Where: PSUP = Pressure required at the fire sprinkler system supply inlet. ( Note: This is the pressure which is entered on the Fire Sprinkler System Certificate under “Minimum Water Supply Required.”) PT = Pressure loss in the fire sprinkler system piping. PLE = Pressure loss from elevation change. ( Note: Normally 4.4 psi for single story houses and 8.7 psi for two story houses). PSP = Maximum pressure required by a sprinkler. (ii) [Reserved] (3) Determination of PSUP shall be in accordance with the following procedure: (i) Step 1. Determine PT. For the specific design in question determine the distance (developed length) from the fire sprinkler system supply inlet to the most remote sprinkler. Refer to tables 8.4.10.2(d) through (i) of NFPA 13D (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and select the correct table for the fire sprinkler system pipe material and pipe size used. Using the system design flow rate from paragraph (n) of this section find the “Allowable length of pipe” column, which is closest to, but not less than, the developed length for the design in question. The “Available Pressure” in the column heading is PT. ( Note: Interpolation between “Allowable length of pipe” (developed length) and “Available Pressure” (PT) is permitted. Example: Using table 8.4.10.2(d) of NFPA 13D, Sprinkler Flow Rate = 16 gpm, developed length = 70 feet, Available Pressure (PT) = 17.5 psi.) (ii) Step 2. Determine PLE. Refer to table 8.4.10.2.(c) of NFPA 13D. The elevation used in applying the table shall be the difference between the highest sprinkler and the fire sprinkler system supply inlet. Interpolation is permitted. ( Note: If the highest sprinkler is lower than the fire sprinkler system supply inlet then subtract this value in equation 1 to paragraph (o)(2)(i), instead of adding it.) (iii) Step 3. Determine PSP. Determine the maximum pressure required by any individual sprinkler based on the flow rate for each sprinkler as set forth in paragraph (n) of this section. The required pressure is provided in the data provided by the sprinkler manufacturer for the specific model based on the selected flow rate. (p) Testing. The fire sprinkler system piping shall be subject to the same test as the water distribution system in § 3280.612(a). For multipurpose fire sprinkler systems, it shall be permitted to test the fire sprinkler system piping simultaneously with the domestic water distribution system. (q) Fire Sprinkler System Certificate. The manufacturer must permanently affix a Fire Sprinkler System Certificate adjacent to the data plate. The manufacturer must specify on the Fire Sprinkler System Certificate the minimum required pressure in pounds per square inch (psi) and flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm) for the water supply system. The Fire Sprinkler System Certificate is to include all the statements and required information arranged in substantially the same layout as shown in the following example. Example 1 to Paragraph ( q )—Example Certificate Fire Sprinkler System Certificate Note: This label contains important information about the fire sprinkler system installed in this home. Please do not remove, alter, or cover this label. General Information Name of Manufacturer: Manufactured Home Serial Number: The residential fire sprinkler system installed in this dwelling unit is in compliance with 24 CFR part 3280.214 Fire Sprinkler System Requirements. The manufactured home installer must ensure that water supply testing is completed by a fire protection technician, as required below at the home site. Warning: When necessary, replace components only with identical components or those determined to have equivalent performance characteristics with respect to flows and pressures. Minimum Water Supply Required Warning: For this system to operate properly, the following minimum supply of water must be available at the point of connection to the residential fire sprinkler system (to be completed by the home manufacturer): gpm (gallons per minute) at not less than___ psi (pounds per square inch) The water supply shall have the capacity to provide the above required design flow rate for the sprinklers for a period of time as follows: 1. Seven minutes for manufactured homes one story in height and less than 2,000 square feet in area. 2. Ten minutes for manufactured homes two or more stories in height or equal to or greater than 2,000 square feet in area. Where a water supply tank, a well system or a combination thereof is used, any combination of tank storage or well system shall be permitted to meet the capacity requirement. An installer shall ensure that a fire protection technician completes and signs this Fire Sprinkler System Certificate and shall maintain a copy of the test report from the onsite testing in accordance with the home manufacturer's instructions and that the above listed required minimum water supply is available. Company and/or Individual Name of Fire Protection Technician: License/Certification Number of Technician: Address of Technician: Date Water Supply Tested: Warning: This structure contains a residential fire sprinkler system. Do not alter or make additions to the water supply without first contacting the home manufacturer or a fire protection technician. Any control valve(s) on the water supply to the residential fire sprinkler system must be in the full, open position for the system to operate properly. If the valves must be closed temporarily to service the sprinkler, verify that they are left fully open and secured when service is complete. This label contains important information about the fire sprinkler system installed in this home. Please do not remove, alter, or cover this label. The residential fire sprinkler system installed in this dwelling unit is in compliance with 24 CFR part 3280.214 Fire Sprinkler System Requirements. The manufactured home installer must ensure that water supply testing is completed by a fire protection technician, as required below at the home site. Warning: When necessary, replace components only with identical components or those determined to have equivalent performance characteristics with respect to flows and pressures. Warning: For this system to operate properly, the following minimum supply of water must be available at the point of connection to the residential fire sprinkler system (to be completed by the home manufacturer): gpm (gallons per minute) at not less than___ psi (pounds per square inch) The water supply shall have the capacity to provide the above required design flow rate for the sprinklers for a period of time as follows: 1. Seven minutes for manufactured homes one story in height and less than 2,000 square feet in area. 2. Ten minutes for manufactured homes two or more stories in height or equal to or greater than 2,000 square feet in area. Where a water supply tank, a well system or a combination thereof is used, any combination of tank storage or well system shall be permitted to meet the capacity requirement. An installer shall ensure that a fire protection technician completes and signs this Fire Sprinkler System Certificate and shall maintain a copy of the test report from the onsite testing in accordance with the home manufacturer's instructions and that the above listed required minimum water supply is available. Company and/or Individual Name of Fire Protection Technician: License/Certification Number of Technician: Address of Technician: Date Water Supply Tested: Warning: This structure contains a residential fire sprinkler system. Do not alter or make additions to the water supply without first contacting the home manufacturer or a fire protection technician. Any control valve(s) on the water supply to the residential fire sprinkler system must be in the full, open position for the system to operate properly. If the valves must be closed temporarily to service the sprinkler, verify that they are left fully open and secured when service is complete. (r) Sign or valve tag. A sign or valve tag shall be installed at the fire sprinkler system supply inlet stating the following: Warning, the water supply system supplies fire sprinklers that require specific flows and pressures to fight a fire. Devices that restrict the flow or decrease the pressure or automatically shut off the water to the fire sprinkler system, such as water filtration systems, water softeners and automatic shutoff valves, shall not be added to this system during installation without HUD approval. Later actions that may impact the water supply system should not be completed without first contacting the home manufacturer or a fire protection technician. Please do not remove this sign. Warning, the water supply system supplies fire sprinklers that require specific flows and pressures to fight a fire. Devices that restrict the flow or decrease the pressure or automatically shut off the water to the fire sprinkler system, such as water filtration systems, water softeners and automatic shutoff valves, shall not be added to this system during installation without HUD approval. Later actions that may impact the water supply system should not be completed without first contacting the home manufacturer or a fire protection technician. Please do not remove this sign. (s) Component instructions. If the manufacturer of a fire sprinkler system component used in a system provides written instructions and procedures for the operation, maintenance, periodic testing, and/or repair of the component, a copy of the instructions and procedures shall be left in each home for the consumer. (t) Manufacturer's installation instructions for fire sprinkler systems. Manufacturer's installation instructions must provide the following: (1) Specific instructions for the inspection and testing of the fire sprinkler system during the installation of the home. Testing requirements are to be consistent with § 3280.612(a). (2) Required statement. If this manufactured home contains a fire sprinkler system, an installer shall ensure a fire protection technician tests the water supply at the site and completes the Fire Safety System Certificate and that the test reports the minimum conditions described on the Fire Sprinkler System Certificate in the home (located next to the data plate)." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.15,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.215 Multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes.,HUD,,,"[89 FR 75745, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) General. In manufactured homes with more than one dwelling unit, each dwelling unit must be separated from each other by wall and floor assemblies having not less than a 1 hour fire resistance rating when tested in accordance with ASTM E119 or UL 263 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) or having a fire resistance rating of not less than a 1 hour when calculated in accordance with chapter 16 of the AWC National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction, with Supplement (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (b) Fire resistance walls. Fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling and wall assemblies must extend to and be tight against the exterior wall, and wall assemblies must extend from the foundation to the underside of the roof sheathing except as follows: (1) Wall assemblies need not extend through attic spaces where the ceiling is protected by not less than 5/8 inch Type X gypsum board and attic draftstop constructed as specified in § 3280.216 is provided above and along the wall assembly separating the dwelling units; and (2) The structural framing supporting the ceiling is protected by not less than 1/2 inch gypsum board or equivalent. (3) A fire resistance rating of 1/2 hour shall be permitted in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with § 3280.214. (c) Supporting construction. Where floor assemblies are required to be fire resistant rated by this section, the supporting construction of such assemblies must have an equal or greater fire resistance rating. (d) Dwelling unit rated penetrations. Penetrations of wall or floor-ceiling assemblies in multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes are required to be fire-resistance rated in accordance with this section. (1) Through penetrations. (i) Through penetrations must be installed as tested in the approved fire-resistance rated assembly; or (ii) Through penetrations must be protected by an approved penetration fire stop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E814 or UL 1479 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), with a positive pressure differential of not less than 0.01 inch of water and must have an F rating of not less than the required fire resistance rating of the wall or floor-ceiling assembly penetrated; or (iii) Where the penetrating items are steel, ferrous or copper pipes, tubes, or conduits, the material used to fill the annular space must prevent the passage of flame and hot gasses sufficient to ignite cotton waste where subjected to ASTM E119 or UL 263 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) time temperature fire conditions under a positive pressure differential of not less than 0.01 inch of water at the location of the through penetration for the time period equivalent to the fire resistance rating of the construction penetrated. (2) Membrane penetrations. Membrane penetrations must comply with paragraph (d)(1) of this section. Where walls are required to have a fire resistance rating, recessed fixtures must be installed so that the required fire resistance rating will not be reduced except as follows: (i) By membrane penetrations of fire-resistant-rated walls, ceiling/floors and partitions by steel electrical boxes provided they do not exceed 16 square inches in area and the aggregate area of the openings through the membrane does not exceed 100 square inches in any 100 square feet of wall area. The annular space between the wall membrane and the box must not exceed 1/8 inch. Such boxes on opposite sides of the wall must be separated by one of the following: (A) A horizontal distance of not less than 24 inches where the wall or partition is constructed with individual non-communicating stud cavities; or (B) A horizontal distance of not less than the depth of the wall cavity, where the wall cavity is filled with loose-fill insulation; or (C) Solid fire blocking in accordance with § 3280.206; or (D) Protecting both boxes with listed putty pads; or (E) Other listed materials and methods. (ii) By membrane penetrations of listed electrical boxes of any materials provided that the boxes have been tested for use in fire resistance rated assemblies and are installed in accordance with the instructions included with the listing. The annular space between the wall membrane and the box must not exceed 1/8 inch unless otherwise noted. Such boxes on opposite sides of the wall must be separated by one of the following: (A) The horizontal distance specified in the listing of the electrical boxes; or (B) Sold fire blocking in accordance with § 3280.206; or (C) Protecting boxes with listed putty pads; or (D) Other listed materials and methods. (iii) By the annular space created by the penetration of a fire sprinkler provided that it is covered by a metal escutcheon plate." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.16,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.216 Draftstopping requirements for multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes.,HUD,,,"[89 FR 75745, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) When there is usable space both above and below the concealed space of a floor/ceiling assembly in multi-dwelling unit manufactured homes, draftstops must be installed so that the area of the concealed space does not exceed 1,000 square feet. Draftstopping must divide the concealed space into approximately equal areas. Where the assembly is enclosed by a floor membrane above and a ceiling membrane below, draftstopping shall be provided in floor-ceiling assemblies under the following circumstances: (1) Ceiling is suspended under the floor framing; or (2) Floor framing is constructed of truss type open-web or perforated members. (b) Draftstopping materials must not be less than 1/2 inch gypsum board, 3/8 inch wood structural panels, or other approved materials adequately supported. (c) Draftstopping must be installed parallel to the floor framing members. (d) The integrity of all draftstops must be maintained." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.2,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.202 Definitions.,HUD,,,"[58 FR 55004, Oct. 25, 1993, as amended at 67 FR 12817, Mar. 19, 2002; 70 FR 72042, Nov. 30, 2005]","The following definitions are applicable to subparts C, H, and I of the Standards: Combustible material: Any material not meeting the definition of limited-combustible or non-combustible material. Flame-spread rating: The measurement of the propagation of flame on the surface of materials or their assemblies as determined by recognized standard tests conducted as required by this subpart. Interior finish: The surface material of walls, fixed or movable partitions, ceilings, columns, and other exposed interior surfaces affixed to the home's structure including any materials such as paint or wallpaper and the substrate to which they are applied. Interior finish does not include: (1) Trim and sealant 2 inches or less in width adjacent to the cooking range and in furnace and water heater spaces provided it is installed in accordance with the requirements of § 3280.203(b)(3) or (4), and trim 6 inches or less in width in all other areas; (2) Windows and frames; (3) Single doors and frames and a series of doors and frames not exceeding 5 feet in width; (4) Skylights and frames; (5) Casings around doors, windows, and skylights not exceeding 4 inches in width; (6) Furnishings which are not permanently affixed to the home's structure; (7) Baseboards not exceeding 6 inches in height; (8) Light fixtures, cover plates of electrical receptacle outlets, switches, and other devices; (9) Decorative items attached to walls and partitions (i.e., pictures, decorative objects, etc.) constituting no more than 10% of the aggregate wall surface area in any room or space not more than 32 square feet in surface area, whichever is less; (10) Plastic light diffusers when suspended from a material which meets the interior finish provisions of § 3280.203(b); (11) Coverings and surfaces of exposed wood beams; and (12) Decorative items including the following: (i) Non-structural beams not exceeding 6 inches in depth and 6 inches in width and spaced not closer than 4 feet on center; (ii) Non-structural lattice work; (iii) Mating and closure molding; and (iv) Other items not affixed to the home's structure. Limited combustible: A material meeting: (1) The definition contained in Chapter 2 of NFPA 220-1995, Standard on Types of Building Construction; or (2) 5/16 -inch or thicker gypsum board. Noncombustible material: A material meeting the definition contained in Chapter 2 of NFPA 220-1995, Standard on Types of Building Construction. Smoke alarm: An alarm device that is responsive to smoke. Tactile notification appliance: A notification appliance that alerts by the sense of touch or vibration." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.3,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.203 Flame spread limitations and fire protection requirements.,HUD,,,"[49 FR 32008, Aug. 9, 1984, as amended at 58 FR 55005, Oct. 25, 1993; 70 FR 72042, Nov. 30, 2005; 89 FR 75745, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Establishment of flame spread rating. The surface flame spread rating of interior-finish material must not exceed the value shown in § 3280.203(b) when tested by Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, ASTM E84-01, 2001, or Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials NFPA 255, 1996, except that the surface flame spread rating of interior-finish materials required by § 3280.203(b)(5) and (6) may be determined by using the Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source, ASTM E 162-94. However, the following materials need not be tested to establish their flame spread rating unless a lower rating is required by the standards in this part: (1) Flame-spread rating—76 to 200. (i) .035-inch or thicker high pressure laminated plastic panel countertop; (ii) 1/4 -inch or thicker unfinished plywood with phenolic or urea glue; (iii) Unfinished dimension lumber (1-inch or thicker nominal boards); (iv) 3/8 -inch or thicker unfinished particleboard with phenolic or urea binder; (v) Natural gum-varnished or latex- or alkyd-painted: (A) 1/4 -inch or thicker plywood, or (B) 3/8 -inch or thicker particleboard, or (C) 1-inch or thicker nominal board; (vi) 5/16 -inch gypsum board with decorative wallpaper; and (vii) 1/4 -inch or thicker unfinished hardboard, (2) Flame-spread rating-25 to 200, (i) Painted metal; (ii) Mineral-base acoustic tile; (iii) 5/16 -inch or thicker unfinished gypsum wallboard (both latex- or alkyd-painted); and (iv) Ceramic tile. (The above-listed material applications do not waive the requirements of § 3280.203(c) or § 3280.204 of this subpart.) (b) Flame-spread rating requirements. (1) The interior finish of all walls, columns, and partitions shall not have a flame spread rating exceeding 200 except as otherwise specified herein. (2) Ceiling interior finish shall not have a flame spread rating exceeding 75. (3) Walls adjacent to or enclosing a furnace or water heater and ceilings above them shall have an interior finish with a flame spread rating not exceeding 25. Sealants and other trim materials 2 inches or less in width used to finish adjacent surfaces within these spaces are exempt from this provision provided that all joints are completely supported by framing members or by materials having a flame spread rating not exceeding 25. (4) Exposed interior finishes adjacent to the cooking range shall have a flame spread rating not exceeding 50, except that backsplashes not exceeding 6 inches in height are exempted. Adjacent surfaces are the exposed vertical surfaces between the range top height and the overhead cabinets and/or ceiling and within 6 horizontal inches of the cooking range. (Refer also to § 3280.204(a), Kitchen Cabinet Protection.) Sealants and other trim materials 2 inches or less in width used to finish adjacent surfaces are exempt from this provision provided that all joints are completely supported by a framing member. (5) Kitchen cabinet doors, countertops, backsplashes, exposed bottoms, and end panels shall have a flame spread rating not to exceed 200. Cabinet rails, stiles, mullions, and top strips are exempted. (6) Finish surfaces of plastic bathtubs, shower units, and tub or shower doors shall not exceed a flame spread rating of 200. (c) Fire protective requirements. (1) Materials used to surface the following areas shall be of limited combustible material (e.g., 5/16 -inch gypsum board, etc.): (i) The exposed wall adjacent to the cooking range (see § 3280.203(b)(4)); (ii) Exposed bottoms and sides of kitchen cabinets as required by § 3280.204 except that non-horizontal surfaces above the horizontal plane formed by the bottom of the range hood are not considered exposed; (iii) Interior walls and ceilings enclosing furnace and/or water heater spaces; and (iv) Combustible doors which provide interior or exterior access to furnace and/or water heater spaces. The surface may be interrupted for louvers ventilating the enclosure. However, the louvers shall not be constructed of a material of greater combustibility than the door itself (e.g., plastic louvers on a wooden door). (2) No burner of a surface cooking unit shall be closer than 12 horizontal inches to a window or an exterior door with glazing." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.4,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.204 Kitchen cabinet protection.,HUD,,,"[49 FR 32008, Aug. 9, 1984, as amended at 78 FR 73982, Dec. 9, 2013; 89 FR 75745, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) The exposed bottom and sides of combustible kitchen cabinets over cooking ranges to a horizontal distance of 6 inches from the outside edge of the cooking range must be protected with at least 5/16 inch thick gypsum board or equivalent limited combustible material. One-inch nominal framing members and trim are exempted from this requirement. The cabinet area over the cooking range or cooktops shall be protected by a metal hood (26-gauge sheet metal, or .017 stainless steel, or .024 aluminum, or .020 copper) with not less than a 3-inch eyebrow projecting horizontally from the front cabinet face. The 5/16 -inch thick gypsum board or equivalent material which is above the top of the hood may be supported by the hood. A 3/8 -inch enclosed air space shall be provided between the bottom surface of the cabinet and the gypsum board or equivalent material. The hood shall be at least as wide as the cooking range. (b) The 3-inch metal eyebrow required by paragraph (a) of this section will project from the front and rear cabinet faces when there is no adjacent surface behind the range, or the 5/16 -inch thick gypsum board or equivalent material shall be extended to cover all exposed rear surfaces of the cabinet. (c) Alternative compliance. When all exposed surfaces along the bottoms and sides of combustible kitchen cabinets are protected as described in paragraph (a) of this section, the metal hood, the 5/16 -inch thick gypsum board or equivalent material, and the 3/8 -inch airspace required by paragraph (a) of this section can be omitted, provided that: (1) A microwave oven is installed between the cabinet and the range; and (2) The microwave oven is equivalent in fire protection to the metal range hood required by paragraph (a) of this section; and (3) The microwave oven is certified to be in conformance with Microwave Cooking Appliances, UL 923-2002 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (d) When a manufactured home is designed for the future installation of a cooking range, the metal hood and cabinet protection required by paragraph (a) of this section and the wall-surfacing protection behind the range required by § 3280.203 shall be installed in the factory. (e) Vertical clearance above cooking top. Ranges shall have a vertical clearance above the cooking top of not less than 24 inches to the bottom of combustible cabinets. (f) Range hood finish materials must be installed with at least 5/16 inch thick gypsum board or equivalent limited combustible material between the metal range hood and finish materials. Except for sealants and other trim materials 2 inches or less in width, finish materials shall have a flame spread rating not exceeding the Flame Spread Index of 200." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.5,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.205 Carpeting.,HUD,,,,"Carpeting shall not be used in a space or compartment designed to contain only a furnace and/or water heater. Carpeting may be used in other areas where a furnace or water heater is installed, provided that it is not located under the furnace or water heater." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.6,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.206 Fireblocking.,HUD,,,"[71 FR 72042, Nov. 30, 2005]","(a) General. Fireblocking must comply with the requirements of this section. The integrity of all fireblocking materials must be maintained. (b) Fireblocking materials. Fireblocking must consist of the following materials: (1) Minimum one inch nominal lumber, 5/16 inch thick gypsum board, or equivalent fire resistive materials; or (2) Other Listed or Approved Materials; (c) Fireblocking locations. (1) Fireblocking must be installed in concealed spaces of stud walls, partitions, and furred spaces at the floor and ceiling levels. Concealed spaces must not communicate between floor levels. Concealed spaces must not communicate between a ceiling level and a concealed roof area, or an attic space. (2) Fireblocking must be installed at the interconnection of a concealed vertical space and a concealed horizontal space that occurs: (i) Between a concealed wall cavity and the ceiling joists above; and (ii) At soffits, drop ceilings, cover ceilings, and similar locations. (3) Fireblocking must be installed around the openings for pipes, vents, and other penetrations in walls, floors, and ceilings of furnace and water heater spaces. Pipes, vents, and other penetrations that cannot be moved freely within their opening are considered to be fireblocked. Materials used to fireblock heat producing vent penetrations must be noncombustible or limited combustible types." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.7,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.207 Requirements for thermal insulating materials.,HUD,,,,"(a) General. Except for foam plastic materials and as provided in this section, exposed and concealed thermal insulating materials, including any facings, must be tested in accordance with NFPA 255-96, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and must have a flame spread index of 25 or less and a smoke developed index of 450 or less. The flame spread and smoke developed limitations do not apply to: (1) Coverings and facings of insulation batts or blankets installed in concealed spaces when the facings are in substantial contact with the unexposed surface of wall, floor, or ceiling finish; or (2) Cellulose loose-fill insulation that complies with paragraph (b) of this section. (b) Loose-fill insulation. (1) Cellulose loose-fill insulation that is not spray-applied or self-supporting must comply with, and each package must be labeled in accordance with the Consumer Product Safety Commission requirements in 16 CFR parts 1209 and 1404. (2) Other loose-fill insulation that cannot be mounted in the NFPA 255-96, test apparatus without a screen or other artificial support must be tested in accordance with CAN/ULC S102.2-M88, Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Floor Coverings and Miscellaneous Materials and Assemblies (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), and must have a flame spread index of 25 or less and a smoke developed index of 450 or less. (c) Attic locations. Exposed insulation installed on the floor or ceiling forming the lower boundary of the attic must be tested in accordance with NFPA 253-2000, Standard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and must have a critical radiant flux of not less than 0.12 watt/cm 2 ." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.8,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.208 Requirements for foam plastic thermal insulating materials.,HUD,,,"[49 FR 32008, Aug. 9, 1984, as amended at 70 FR 72043, Nov. 30, 2005. Redesignated at 78 FR 73982, Dec. 9, 2013]","(a) General. Foam plastic thermal insulating materials shall not be used within the cavity of walls (not including doors) or ceilings or be exposed to the interior of the home unless: (1) The foam plastic insulating material is protected by an interior finish of 5/16 -inch thick gypsum board or equivalent material for all cavities where the material is to be installed; or (2) The foam plastic is used as a sheathing or siding backerboard, and it: (i) Has a flame spread rating of 75 or less and a smoke-developed rating of 450 or less (not including outer covering of sheathing); (ii) Does not exceed 3/8 -inch in thickness; and (iii) Is separated from the interior of the manufactured home by a minimum of 2 inches of mineral fiber insulation or an equivalent thermal barrier; or (3) The foam plastic insulating material has been previously accepted by the Department for use in wall and/or ceiling cavities of manufactured homes, and it is installed in accordance with any restrictions imposed at the time of that acceptance; or (4) The foam plastic insulating material has been tested as required for its location in wall and/or ceiling cavities in accordance with testing procedures described in the Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute (IIT) Report, “Development of Mobile Home Fire Test Methods to Judge the Fire-Safe Performance of Foam Plastic Sheathing and Cavity Insulation, IITRI Fire and Safety Research Project J-6461, 1979” or other full-scale fire tests accepted by HUD, and it is installed in a manner consistent with the way the material was installed in the foam plastic test module. The materials must be capable of meeting the following acceptance criteria required for their location: (i) Wall assemblies. The foam plastic system shall demonstrate equivalent or superior performance to the control module as determined by: (A) Time to reach flashover (600 °C in the upper part of the room); (B) Time to reach an oxygen (O 2 ) level of 14% (rate of O 2 depletion), a carbon monoxide (CO) level of 1%, a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) level of 6%, and a smoke level of 0.26 optical density/meter measured at 5 feet high in the doorway; and (C) Rate of change concentration for O 2 , CO, CO 2 and smoke measured 3 inches below the top of the doorway. (ii) Ceiling assemblies. A minimum of three valid tests of the foam plastic system and one valid test of the control module shall be evaluated to determine if the foam plastic system demonstrates equivalent or superior performance to the control module. Individual factors to be evaluated include intensity of cavity fire (temperature-time) and post-test damage. (iii) Post-test damage assessment for wall and ceiling assemblies. The overall performance of each total system shall also be evaluated in determining the acceptability of a particular foam plastic insulating material. (b) All foam plastic thermal insulating materials used in manufactured housing shall have a flame spread rating of 75 or less (not including outer covering or sheathing) and a maximum smoke-developed rating of 450." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.3.1.9,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,C,Subpart C—Fire Safety,,§ 3280.209 Smoke alarm requirements.,HUD,,,"[67 FR 12817, Mar. 19, 2002, as amended at 67 FR 49795, July 31, 2002. Redesignated at 78 FR 73982, Dec. 9, 2013; 86 FR 2518, Jan. 12, 2021; 89 FR 75745, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Labeling. Each smoke alarm required under paragraph (b) of this section must conform with the requirements of UL 217 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) or UL 268 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), and must bear a label to evidence conformance. Combination smoke and carbon monoxide alarms shall be listed and must bear a label to evidence conformance with UL 217 and UL 2034. (b) Combination alarms. Combination smoke and carbon monoxide alarms shall be permitted to be used in lieu of smoke alarms. If installed, such alarms must meet location requirements for both smoke alarms and carbon monoxide alarms. (c) Required smoke alarm locations. (1) At least one smoke alarm must be installed in each of the following locations: (i) To protect both the living area and kitchen space. Manufacturers are encouraged to locate the alarm in the living area remote from the kitchen and cooking appliances. A smoke alarm located within 20 feet horizontally of a cooking appliance must incorporate a temporary silencing feature or be of a photoelectric type. (ii) In each room designed for sleeping. (iii) On the ceiling of the upper level near the top or above each stairway, other than a basement stairway, in any multistory home completed in accordance with this part or part 3282 of this chapter. The alarm must be located so that smoke rising in the stairway cannot be prevented from reaching the alarm by an intervening door or obstruction. (2) For each home designed to be placed over a basement, the manufacturer must provide a smoke alarm for the basement and must install at the factory an electrical junction box for the installation of this smoke alarm and for its interconnection to other smoke alarms required by this section. The instructions for installers and information for homeowners required in paragraph (f) of this section must clearly indicate that a smoke alarm should be installed and is to be located on the basement ceiling near the stairway. (3) A smoke alarm required under this section must not be placed in a location that impairs its effectiveness or in any of the following locations: (i) Within 3 feet horizontally from any discharge grille when a home is equipped or designed for future installation of a roof-mounted evaporative cooler or other equipment discharging conditioned air through a ceiling grille into the living space; and (ii) In any location or environment that is prohibited by the terms of its listing, except as permitted by this section. (d) Mounting requirements. (1) Except in rooms with peaked sloping or shed sloping ceilings with a slope of more than 1.5/12 or as permitted pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section, smoke alarms must be mounted either: (i) On the ceiling at least 4 inches from each wall; or (ii) On a wall with the top of the alarm not less than 4 inches below the ceiling, and not farther from the ceiling than 12 inches or the distance from the ceiling specified in the smoke alarm manufacturer's listing and instructions, whichever is less. (2) Except as permitted pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section, in rooms with peaked sloping ceilings with a slope of more than 1.5/12, smoke alarms must be mounted on the ceiling within 3 feet, measured horizontally, from the peak of the ceiling; at least 4 inches, measured vertically, below the peak of the ceiling; and at least 4 inches from any projecting structural element. (3) Except as permitted pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section, in rooms with shed sloping ceilings with a slope of more than 1.5/12, smoke alarms must be mounted on the ceiling within 3 feet, measured horizontally, of the high side of the ceiling, and not closer than 4 inches from any adjoining wall surface and from any projecting structural element. (e) Connection to power source. (1) Each smoke alarm must be powered from: (i) The electrical system of the home as the primary power source and a battery as a secondary power source; or (ii) A battery rated for a 10-year life, provided the smoke alarm is listed for use with a 10-year battery. (2) Each smoke alarm whose primary power source is the home electrical system must be mounted on an electrical outlet box and connected by a permanent wiring method to a general electrical circuit. More than one smoke alarm is permitted to be placed on the same electrical circuit. The wiring circuit for the alarm must not include any switches between the over-current protective device and the alarm, and must not be protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter. (3) Smoke alarms required under this section must be interconnected such that the activation of any one smoke alarm causes the alarm to be triggered in all required smoke alarms in the home. (f) Visible and tactile notification appliances. (1) In addition to the smoke alarms required pursuant to this section, the manufacturer must provide visible and listed tactile notification appliances if these appliances are ordered by the purchaser or retailer before the home enters the first stage of production. These appliances are required to operate from the primary power source, but are not required to operate from a secondary power source. (2) A visible notification appliance in a room designed for sleeping must have a minimum rating of 177 candela, except that when the visible notification appliance is wall-mounted or suspended more than 24 inches below the ceiling, a minimum rating of 110 candela is permitted. (3) A visible notification appliance in an area other than a room designed for sleeping must have a minimum rating of 15 candela. (g) Testing and maintenance. (1) Each required smoke alarm installed at the factory must be operationally tested, after conducting the dielectric test specified in § 3280.810(a), in accordance with the alarm manufacturer's instructions. A smoke alarm that does not function as designed during the test and is not fixed so that it functions properly in the next retest must be replaced. Any replacement smoke alarm must be successfully tested in accordance with this paragraph. (2) Home manufacturers must provide specific written instructions for installers on how to inspect and test the operation of smoke alarms during installation of the home. These instructions must indicate that any smoke alarm that does not meet the inspection or testing requirements needs to be replaced and retested. (3) Home manufacturers must provide the homeowner with the alarm manufacturer's information describing the operation, method and frequency of testing, and proper maintenance of the smoke alarm. This information must be provided in same manner and location as the consumer manual required by § 3282.207 of this chapter, but does not have to be incorporated into the consumer manual. No dealer, distributor, construction contractor, or other person shall interfere with the distribution of this information" 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.4.1.1,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,D,Subpart D—Body and Frame Construction Requirements,,§ 3280.301 Scope.,HUD,,,"[78 FR 73982, Dec. 9, 2013]","This subpart covers the minimum requirements for materials, products, equipment, and workmanship needed to assure that the manufactured home will provide the following: (a) Structural strength and rigidity; (b) Protection against corrosion, decay, insects, rodents, and other similar destructive forces; (c) Protection against wind hazards; (d) Resistance to the elements; and (e) Durability and economy of maintenance." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.4.1.2,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,D,Subpart D—Body and Frame Construction Requirements,,§ 3280.302 Definitions.,HUD,,,"[58 FR 55005, Oct. 25, 1993; 59 FR 15113, Mar. 31, 1994, as amended at 72 FR 59361, Oct. 19, 2007]","The following definitions are applicable to subpart D only: Anchor assembly means any device or other means designed to transfer home anchoring loads to the ground. Anchoring equipment means ties, straps, cables, turnbuckles, chains, and other approved components, including tensioning devices that are used to secure a manufactured home to anchor assemblies. Anchoring system means a combination of anchoring equipment and anchor assemblies that will, when properly designed and installed, resist the uplift, overturning, and lateral forces on the manufactured home and on its support and foundation system. Diagonal tie means a tie intended to resist horizontal or shear forces, but which may resist vertical, uplift, and overturning forces. Footing: means that portion of the support system that transmits loads directly to the soil. Foundation system means a system of support that is capable of transferring all design loads to the ground, including elements of the support system as defined in this section, or a site-built permanent foundation that meets the requirements of 24 CFR 3282.12. Ground anchor means a specific anchoring assembly device designed to transfer home anchoring loads to the ground. Loads: (1) Dead load: means the weight of all permanent construction including walls, floors, roof, partition, and fixed service equipment. (2) Live load: means the weight superimposed by the use and occupancy of the manufactured home, including wind load and snow load, but not including dead load. (3) Wind load: means the lateral or vertical pressure or uplift on the manufactured home due to wind blowing in any direction. Main frame: means the structural component on which is mounted the body of the manufactured home. Pier: means that portion of the support system between the footing and manufactured home exclusive of caps and shims. Sheathing: means material which is applied on the exterior side of a building frame under the exterior weather resistant covering. Stabilizing devices means all components of the anchoring and support systems, such as piers, footings, ties, anchoring equipment, anchoring assemblies, or any other equipment, materials, and methods of construction that support and secure the manufactured home to the ground. Support system: means a combination of footings, piers, caps, and shims that will, when properly installed, support the manufactured home. Support system means any pilings, columns, footings, piers, foundation walls, shims, and any combination thereof that, when properly installed, support the manufactured home. Tie: means straps, cable, or securing devices used to connect the manufactured home to ground anchors. Vertical tie: means a tie intended to resist the uplifting or overturning forces." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.4.1.3,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,D,Subpart D—Body and Frame Construction Requirements,,§ 3280.303 General requirements.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 58 FR 55005, Oct. 25, 1993; 59 FR 2469, Jan. 14, 1994; 70 FR 72043, Nov. 30, 2005; 89 FR 75748, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Minimum requirements. The design and construction of a manufactured home shall conform with the provisions of this standard. Requirements for any size, weight, or quality of material modified by the terms of minimum, not less than, at least, and similar expressions are minimum standards. The manufacturer or installer may exceed these standards provided such deviation does not result in any inferior installation or defeat the purpose and intent of this standard. (b) Construction. All Construction methods must be in conformance with an approved quality assurance manual as provided by §§ 3282.203 and 3282.361(c) and accepted engineering practices to ensure durable, livable, and safe housing. (c) Structural analysis. The strength and rigidity of the component parts and/or the integrated structure shall be determined by engineering analysis or by suitable load tests to simulate the actual loads and conditions of application that occur. (See subparts E and J.) (d) [Reserved] (e) New materials and methods. (1) Any new material or method of construction not provided for in this standard and any material or method of questioned suitability proposed for use in the manufacture of the structure shall nevertheless conform in performance to the requirements of this standard. (2) Unless based on accepted engineering design for the use indicated, all new manufactured home materials, equipment, systems or methods of construction not provided for in this standard shall be subjected to the tests specified in paragraph (g) of this section. (f) Allowable design stress. The design stresses of all materials shall conform to accepted engineering practice. The use of materials not certified as to strength or stress grade shall be limited to the minimum allowable stresses under accepted engineering practice. (g) Alternative test procedures. In the absence of recognized testing procedures either in the Standards in this part or in the applicable provisions of those standards incorporated in this part by reference, the manufacturer electing this option must develop or cause to be developed testing procedures to demonstrate the structural properties and significant characteristics of the material, assembly, subassembly component, or member, except for testing methods involving one-piece metal roofing as would be required in § 3280.305(c)(1)(iii). Such testing procedures become part of the manufacturer's approved design. Such tests must be witnessed by an independent licensed professional engineer or architect or by a recognized testing organization. Copies of the test results must be kept on file by the manufactured home manufacturer." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.4.1.4,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,D,Subpart D—Body and Frame Construction Requirements,,§ 3280.304 Materials.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975, as amended at 42 FR 961, Jan. 4, 1977. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 58 FR 55006, Oct. 25, 1993; 59 FR 15113, Mar. 31, 1994; 70 FR 72043, Nov. 30, 2005; 78 FR 73982, Dec. 9, 2013; 89 FR 75748, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Dimension and board lumber must not exceed 19 percent moisture content at the time of installation, except that treated lumber used for exterior purposes only and does not extend into the main home construction may have a moisture content exceeding 19 percent. (b) The standards for some of the generally used materials and methods of construction that are listed in this paragraph (b) are incorporated by reference (see § 3280.4). (1) Aluminum. (i) Aluminum Design Manual, Specifications and Guidelines for Aluminum Structures, Part 1-A (Aluminum Association). (ii) Aluminum Design Manual, Specifications and Guidelines for Aluminum Structures, Part 1-B (Aluminum Association). (2) Steel. (i) Specification for Structural Steel Buildings—AISC 360. (ii) North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members—AISI S100. (iii) Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members—SEI/ASCE 8. (iv) Standard Specifications Load Tables and Weight Tables for Steel Joists and Joist Girders—SJI. (v) Structural Applications of Steel Cables for Buildings—ASCE 19. (vi) Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals—ASTM D3953. (3) Wood and wood products. (i) Basic Hardboard—ANSI A135.4 (Composite Panel Association). (ii) Prefinished Hardboard Paneling—ANSI A135.5 (Composite Panel Association). (iii) Engineered Wood Siding—ANSI A135.6 (Composite Panel Association). (iv) American National Standard for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood—ANSI/HPVA HP-1 (Decorative Hardwoods Association). (v) Structural Design Guide for Hardwood Plywood Wall Panels—HP-SG (Decorative Hardwoods Association). (vi) For Wood Products—Structural Glued Laminated Timber—ANSI/AITC A190.1. (vii) Structural Plywood (With Typical APA Trademarks)—NIST PS 1. (viii) APA Design/Construction Guide, Residential and Commercial Structures—APA E30-P. (ix) National Design Standard for Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss Construction, TPI 1. (x) Design and Fabrication of All-Plywood Beams—H815G. (xi) Panel Design Specification—APA D510C. (xii) Design and Fabrication of Glued Plywood-Lumber Beams—APA S812S. (xiii) Design and Fabrication of Plywood Curved Panels—APA S811P. (xiv) Design and Fabrication of Plywood Sandwich Panels, APA U814J. (xv) Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural Use Panels—NIST PS 2. (xvi) Design and Fabrication of Plywood Stressed-Skin Panels—APA U813M. (xvii) National Design Specifications for Wood Construction, with Supplement, Design Values for Wood Construction—AWC NDS. (xviii) Wood Structural Design Data (AFPA). (xix) Span Tables for Joists and Rafters: American Softwood Lumber Standard (PS 20-10) Sizes—AWC-2012. (xx) Design Values for Joists and Rafters, Supplement to Span Tables for Joists and Rafters—AWC-2012. (xxi) Particleboard—ANSI A208.1 (Composite Panel Association). (xxii) North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for Windows, Doors and Skylights—AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (CSA Group). (xxiii) Standard Test Methods for Puncture and Stiffness of Paperboard, and Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard—ASTM D781. (xxiv) Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials—ASTM D4442. (xxv) Standard Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters—ASTM D4444. (xxvi) Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) For Interior Applications—ANSI A208.2. (xxvii) Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials—ASTM E119. (xxviii) Engineered Wood Construction Guide—APA E30V. (xxix) Plywood Design—APA Y510. (4) Other. (i) Standard Specification for Gypsum Board—ASTM C1396/C1396M. (ii) [Reserved] (5) Fasteners. (i) ICC-ES Evaluation Report: Power Driven Staples and Nails—ESR 1539. (ii) [Reserved] (6) Unclassified. (i) Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures—ANSI/ASCE. (ii) Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings—Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test—ANSI Z97.1. (iii) Standard Specification for Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding—ASTM D3679-09a. (iv) Standard Practice for Installation of Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding and Soffit—ASTM D4756. (v) Standard Specification for Polypropylene (PP) Siding—ASTM D7254. (c) Materials and methods of construction utilized in the design and construction of manufactured homes which are covered by the standards listed in this section, or any applicable portion thereof shall comply with these requirements. (d) Engineering analysis and testing methods contained in these references shall be utilized to judge conformance with accepted engineering practices required in § 3280.303(c). (e) Materials and methods of installation conforming to these standards shall be considered acceptable when installed in conformance with the requirements of this part. (f) Materials meeting the standards listed in this section (or the applicable portion thereof) are considered acceptable unless otherwise specified herein or unless substantial doubt exists as to conformance. (g) Wood products shall be identified as complying with the appropriate standards." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.4.1.5,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,D,Subpart D—Body and Frame Construction Requirements,,§ 3280.305 Structural design requirements.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 44 FR 66195, Nov. 19, 1979; 52 FR 4582, Feb. 12, 1987; 58 FR 55006, Oct. 25, 1993; 59 FR 2469, Jan. 14, 1994; 59 FR 15113, 15114, Mar. 31, 1994; 62 FR 54547, Oct. 20, 1997; 70 FR 72043, Nov. 30, 2005; 71 FR 19638, Apr. 17, 2006; 78 FR 73983, Dec. 9, 2013; 80 FR 53727, Sept. 8, 2015; 86 FR 2520, Jan. 12, 2021; 86 FR 10457, Feb. 22, 2021; 89 FR 75749, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) General. Each manufactured home must be designed and constructed as a completely integrated structure capable of sustaining the design load requirements of this part and must be capable of transmitting these loads to stabilizing devices without exceeding the allowable stresses or deflections. Roof framing must be securely fastened to wall framing, walls to floor structure, and floor structure to chassis to secure and maintain continuity between the floor and chassis, so as to resist wind overturning, uplift, and sliding as imposed by design loads in this part. In multistory construction, each story must be securely fastened to the story above and/or below to provide continuity and resist design loads in this part. Uncompressed finished flooring greater than 1/8 inch in thickness must not extend beneath load-bearing walls that are fastened to the floor structure. (b) Design loads —(1) Design dead loads. Design dead loads shall be the actual dead load supported by the structural assembly under consideration. (2) Design live loads. The design live loads and wind and snow loads shall be as specified in this section and shall be considered to be uniformly distributed. The roof live load or snow load shall not be considered as acting simultaneously with the wind load and the roof live or snow load and floor live loads shall not be considered as resisting the overturning moment due to wind. (3) When engineering calculations are performed, allowable unit stresses may be increased as provided in the documents referenced in § 3280.304 except as otherwise indicated in §§ 3280.304(b)(1) and 3280.306(a). (4) Whenever the roof slope does not exceed 20 degrees, the design horizontal wind loads required by § 3280.305(c)(1) may be determined without including the vertical roof projection of the manufactured home. However, regardless of the roof slope of the manufactured home, the vertical roof projection shall be included when determining the wind loading for split level or clerestory-type roof systems. (c) Wind, snow, and roof loads —(1) Wind loads—design requirements. (i) Standard wind loads (Zone I ). When a manufactured home is not designed to resist the wind loads for high-wind areas (Zone II or Zone III) specified in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, the manufactured home and each of its wind-resisting parts and portions must be designed for horizontal wind loads of not less than 15 psf and a net uplift roof load of not less than 9 psf. The net uplift roof load must not be reduced by the dead load of the roof structure for the purposes of engineering design or structural load testing. (ii) Wind loads for high wind areas (Zone II and Zone III). When designed for high wind areas (Zone II and Zone III), the manufactured home, each of its wind resisting parts (including, but not limited to, shear walls, diaphragms, ridge beams, and their fastening and anchoring systems), and its components and cladding materials (including, but not limited to, roof trusses, wall studs, exterior sheathing, roofing and siding materials, exterior glazing, and their connections and fasteners) shall be designed by a Professional Engineer or Architect to resist: (A) The design wind loads for Exposure C specified in ANSI/ASCE 7-88, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,” for a fifty-year recurrence interval, and a design wind speed of 100 mph, as specified for Wind Zone II, or 110 mph, as specified for Wind Zone III (Basic Wind Zone Map); or (B) The wind pressures specified in the following table: Table of Design Wind Pressures NOTES: 1 The net horizontal drag of ±39 PSF to be used in calculating Anchorage for Lateral and Vertical Stability and for the design of Main Wind Force Resisting Systems is based on a distribution of wind pressures of + 0.8 or + 24 PSF to the windward wall and −0.5 or −15 PSF to the leeward wall. 2 Horizontal drag pressures need not be applied to roof projections when the roof slope does not exceed 20 degrees. 3 + sign would mean pressures are acting towards or on the structure; − sign means pressures are acting away from the structure; ±sign means forces can act in either direction, towards or away from the structure. 4 Design values in this “Table” are only applicable to roof slopes between 10 degrees (nominal 2/12 slope) and 30 degrees. 5 The design uplift pressures are the same whether they are applied normal to the surface of the roof or to the horizontal projection of the roof. 6 Shingle roof coverings that are secured with 6 fasteners per shingle through an underlayment which is cemented to a 3/8” structural rated roof sheathing need not be evaluated for these design wind pressures. 7 Structural rated roof sheathing that is at least 3/8” in thickness, installed with the long dimension perpendicular to roof framing supports, and secured with fasteners at 4” on center within 3′-0′ of each gable end or endwall if no overhang is provided and 6” on center in all other areas, need not be evaluated for these design wind pressures. 8 Exterior coverings that are secured at 6″ o.c. to a 3/8″ structural rated sheathing that is fastened to wall framing members at 6″ on center need not be evaluated for these design wind pressures. (iii) One-piece metal roofing capable of resisting the design wind pressures for “Components and Cladding: (Exterior roof coverings)” in the Table for Design Wind Pressures in this section is allowed to be used without structural sheathing, provided the metal roofing is tested using procedures that have been approved by HUD and that meet all requirements of §§ 3280.303(c) and (g) and 3280.401. (2) Wind loads—zone designations. The Wind Zone and specific wind design load requirements are determined by the fastest basic wind speed (mph) within each Zone and the intended location, based on the Basic Wind Zone Map, as follows: (i) Wind Zone I. Wind Zone I consists of those areas on the Basic Wind Zone Map that are not identified in paragraphs (c)(2)(ii) or (iii) of this section as being within Wind Zone II or III, respectively. (ii) Wind Zone II. ....100 mph. The following areas are deemed to be within Wind Zone II of the Basic Wind Zone Map: Local governments: The following local governments listed by State (counties, unless specified otherwise): Alabama: Baldwin and Mobile. Florida: All counties except those identified in paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) of this section as within Wind Zone III. Georgia: Bryan, Camden, Chatham, Glynn, Liberty, McIntosh. Louisiana: Parishes of Acadia, Allen, Ascension, Assumption, Calcasieu, Cameron, East Baton Rouge, East Feliciana, Evangeline, Iberia, Iberville, Jefferson Davis, LaFayette, Livingston, Pointe Coupee, St. Helena, St. James, St. John the Baptist, St. Landry, St. Martin, St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, Vermillion, Washington, West Baton Rouge, and West Feliciana. Maine: Hancock and Washington. Massachusetts: Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Nantucket, and Plymouth. Mississippi: George, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Pearl River, and Stone. North Carolina: Beaufort, Brunswick, Camden, Chowan, Columbus, Craven, Currituck, Jones, New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, Pasquotank, Pender, Perquimans, Tyrrell, and Washington. South Carolina: Beaufort, Berkeley, Charleston, Colleton, Dorchester, Georgetown, Horry, Jasper, and Williamsburg. Texas: Aransas, Brazoria, Calhoun, Cameron, Chambers, Galveston, Jefferson, Kenedy, Kleberg, Matagorda, Nueces, Orange, Refugio, San Patricio, and Willacy. Virginia: Cities of Chesapeake, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Princess Anne, and Virginia Beach. Local governments: The following local governments listed by State (counties, unless specified otherwise): Alabama: Baldwin and Mobile. Florida: All counties except those identified in paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) of this section as within Wind Zone III. Georgia: Bryan, Camden, Chatham, Glynn, Liberty, McIntosh. Louisiana: Parishes of Acadia, Allen, Ascension, Assumption, Calcasieu, Cameron, East Baton Rouge, East Feliciana, Evangeline, Iberia, Iberville, Jefferson Davis, LaFayette, Livingston, Pointe Coupee, St. Helena, St. James, St. John the Baptist, St. Landry, St. Martin, St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, Vermillion, Washington, West Baton Rouge, and West Feliciana. Maine: Hancock and Washington. Massachusetts: Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Nantucket, and Plymouth. Mississippi: George, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Pearl River, and Stone. North Carolina: Beaufort, Brunswick, Camden, Chowan, Columbus, Craven, Currituck, Jones, New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, Pasquotank, Pender, Perquimans, Tyrrell, and Washington. South Carolina: Beaufort, Berkeley, Charleston, Colleton, Dorchester, Georgetown, Horry, Jasper, and Williamsburg. Texas: Aransas, Brazoria, Calhoun, Cameron, Chambers, Galveston, Jefferson, Kenedy, Kleberg, Matagorda, Nueces, Orange, Refugio, San Patricio, and Willacy. Virginia: Cities of Chesapeake, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Princess Anne, and Virginia Beach. (iii) Wind Zone III. ....110 mph. The following areas are considered to be within Wind Zone III of the Basic Wind Zone Map: (A) States and Territories: The entire State of Hawaii, the coastal regions of Alaska (as determined by the 90 mph isotach on the ANSI/ASCE 7-88 map), and all of the U.S. Territories of American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and the United States Virgin Islands. (B) Local governments: The following local governments listed by State (counties, unless specified otherwise): Florida: Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Franklin, Gulf, Hendry, Lee, Martin, Manatee, Monroe, Palm Beach, Pinellas, and Sarasota. Louisiana: Parishes of Jefferson, La Fourche, Orleans, Plaquemines, St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. Mary, and Terrabonne. North Carolina: Carteret, Dare, and Hyde. Florida: Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Franklin, Gulf, Hendry, Lee, Martin, Manatee, Monroe, Palm Beach, Pinellas, and Sarasota. Louisiana: Parishes of Jefferson, La Fourche, Orleans, Plaquemines, St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. Mary, and Terrabonne. North Carolina: Carteret, Dare, and Hyde. (iv) Consideration of local requirements. For areas where wind mapping data or records or the requirements of the State or local authority indicate wind speeds in excess of those identified in this section, the Department may establish, through rulemaking, more stringent requirements for manufactured homes to be installed in such areas. (3) Snow and roof loads. (i) Flat, curved and pitched roofs shall be designed to resist the following live loads, applied downward on the horizontal projection as appropriate for the design zone marked on the manufactured home: (A) North Roof Load Zone. The following counties in each of the following states are deemed to be within the North Roof Load Zone: Maine—Aroostook, Piscataquis, Somerset, Penobscot, Waldo, Knox, Hancock, and Washington. Alaska—All Counties Maine—Aroostook, Piscataquis, Somerset, Penobscot, Waldo, Knox, Hancock, and Washington. Alaska—All Counties (B) Middle Roof Load Zone. The following counties in each of the following states are deemed to be within the Middle Roof Load Zone: (C) South Roof Load Zone. The states and counties that are not listed for the North Roof Load Zone in paragraph (c)(3)(i)(A) of this section, or the Middle Roof Load Zone in paragraph (c)(3)(i)(B) of this section, are deemed to be within the South Roof Load Zone. (ii) Consideration of local requirements. For exposures in areas (mountainous or other) where recognized snow records, wind records, or the requirements of the State or local authority indicate significant differences from the loads stated in this paragraph (c)(3), the Department may establish, through rulemaking, more stringent requirements for manufactured homes to be installed in such areas. For snow loads, such requirements must be based on a roof snow load of 0.6 of the ground snow load for areas exposed to wind and a roof snow load of 0.8 of the ground snow load for sheltered areas. (iii) Eaves and cornices shall be designed for a net uplift pressure of 2.5 times the design uplift wind pressure cited in § 3280.305(c)(1)(i) for Wind Zone I, and for the design pressures cited in § 3280.305(c)(1)(ii) for Wind Zones II and III. (iv) Skylights must be capable of withstanding roof loads as specified in paragraphs (c)(3)(i) or (c)(3)(ii) of this section. Skylights must be listed and tested in accordance with AAMA 1600/I.S.7-00, 2003, Voluntary Specification for Skylights. (4) Data plate requirements. The Data Plate posted in the manufactured home (see § 3280.5) shall designate the wind and roof load zones or, if designed for higher loads, the actual design external snow and wind loads for which the home has been designed. The Data Plate shall include reproductions of the Load Zone Maps shown in this paragraph (c)(4), with any related information. The Load Zone Maps shall be not less than either 3 1/2 in. by 2 1/4 in., or one-half the size illustrated in the Code of Federal Regulations. (d) Design load deflection. (1) When a structural assembly is subjected to total design live loads, the deflection for structural framing members shall not exceed the following (where L equals the clear span between supports or two times the length of a cantilever): Floor—L/240 Roof and ceiling—L/180 Headers, beams, and girders (vertical load)—L/180 Walls and partitions—L/180 Floor—L/240 Roof and ceiling—L/180 Headers, beams, and girders (vertical load)—L/180 Walls and partitions—L/180 (2) The allowable eave or cornice deflection for uplift is to be measured at the design uplift load of 9 psf for Wind Zone I, and at the design uplift pressure cited in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section for Wind Zones II and III. The allowable deflection shall be (2 × Lc)/180, where Lc is the measured horizontal eave projection from the wall. (e) Fastening of structural systems. (1) Roof framing must be securely fastened to wall framing, walls to floor structure, and floor structure to chassis, to secure and maintain continuity between the floor and chassis in order to resist wind overturning, uplift, and sliding, and to provide continuous load paths for these forces to the foundation or anchorage system. The number and type of fasteners used must be capable of transferring all forces between elements being joined. In multistory construction, each story must be securely fastened to the story above and/or below to provide continuity and resist design loads in this section. (2) For Wind Zone II and Wind Zone III, roof framing members must be securely fastened at the vertical bearing points to resist design overturning, uplift, and sliding forces. When engineered connectors are not installed, roof framing members must be secured at the vertical bearing points to wall framing members (studs), and wall framing members (studs) must be secured to floor framing members, with 0.016 inch base metal, minimum steel strapping or engineered connectors, or by a combination of 0.016 inch base metal, minimum steel strapping or engineered connectors, and structural-rated wall sheathing that overlaps the roof and floor system if substantiated by structural analysis or by suitable load tests. Steel strapping or engineered connectors are to be installed at a maximum spacing of 24 inches on center in Wind Zone II, and 16 inches on center in Wind Zone III. Exception: Where substantiated by structural analysis or suitable load tests, the 0.016 inch base metal minimum steel strapping or engineered connectors may be omitted at the roof to wall and/or wall to floor connections, when structural rated sheathing that overlaps the roof and wall and/or wall and floor is capable of resisting the applicable design wind loads. (f) Walls. The walls shall be of sufficient strength to withstand the load requirements as defined in § 3280.305(c) of this part, without exceeding the deflections as specified in § 3280.305(d). The connections between the bearing walls, floor, and roof framework members shall be fabricated in such a manner as to provide support for the material used to enclose the manufactured home and to provide for transfer of all lateral and vertical loads to the floor and chassis. (1) Except where substantiated by engineering analysis or tests, studs shall not be notched or drilled in the middle one-third of their length. (2) Interior walls and partitions shall be constructed with structural capacity adequate for the intended purpose and shall be capable of resisting a horizontal load of not less than five pounds per square foot. An allowable stress increase of 1.33 times the permitted published design values may be used in the design of wood framed interior partitions. Finish of walls and partitions shall be securely fastened to wall framing. (g) Floors. (1) Floor assemblies shall be designed in accordance with accepted engineering practice standards to support a minimum uniform live load of 40 lb/ft 2 plus the dead load of the materials. In addition (but not simultaneously), floors shall be able to support a 200-pound concentrated load on a one-inch diameter disc at the most critical location with a maximum deflection not to exceed one-eighth inch relative to floor framing. Perimeter wood joists of more than six inches depth shall be stabilized against overturning from superimposed loads as follows: at ends by solid blocking not less than two-inch thickness by full depth of joist, or by connecting to a continuous header not less than two-inch thickness and not less than the depth of the joist with connecting devices; at eight-feet maximum intermediate spacing by solid blocking or by wood cross-bridging of not less than one inch by three inches, metal cross-bridging of equal strength, or by other approved methods. (2) Wood, wood fiber or plywood floors or subfloors in kitchens, bathrooms (including toilet compartments), laundry areas, water heater compartments, and any other areas subject to excessive moisture shall be moisture resistant or shall be made moisture resistant by sealing or by an overlay of nonabsorbent material applied with water-resistant adhesive. Use of one of the following methods would meet this requirement: (i) Sealing the floor with a water-resistant sealer; or (ii) Installing an overlay of a non-absorbent floor covering material applied with water-resistant adhesive; or (iii) Direct application of a water-resistant sealer to the exposed wood floor area when covered with a non-absorbent overlay; or (iv) The use of a non-absorbent floor covering which may be installed without a continuous application of a water-resistant adhesive or sealant when the floor covering meets the following criteria: (A) The covering is a continuous membrane with any seams or patches seam bonded or welded to preserve the continuity of the floor covering; and (B) The floor is protected at all penetrations in these areas by sealing with a compatible water-resistant adhesive or sealant to prevent moisture from migrating under the nonabsorbent floor covering; and (C) The covering is fastened around the perimeter of the subfloor in accordance with the floor covering manufacturer's instructions; and, (D) The covering is designed to be installed to prevent moisture penetration without the use of a water-resistant adhesive or sealer except as required in this paragraph (g). The vertical edges of penetrations for plumbing shall be covered with a moisture-resistant adhesive or sealant. The vertical penetrations located under the bottom plates of perimeter walls of rooms, areas, or compartments are not required to be sealed; this does not include walls or partitions within the rooms or areas. (3) Wood panel products used as floor or subfloor materials on the exterior of the home, such as in recessed entryways, must be rated for exterior exposure and protected from moisture by sealing or applying nonabsorbent overlay with water resistant adhesive. (4) Carpet or carpet pads shall not be installed under concealed spaces subject to excessive moisture, such as plumbing fixture spaces, floor areas under installed laundry equipment. Carpet may be installed in laundry space provided: (i) The appliances are not provided; (ii) The conditions of paragraph (g)(2) of this section are followed; and (iii) Instructions are provided to remove carpet when appliances are installed. (5) Except where substantiated by engineering analysis or tests: (i) Notches on the ends of joists shall not exceed one-fourth the joist depth. (ii) Holes bored in joists shall not be within 2 inches of the top or bottom of the joist, and the diameter of any such hole shall not exceed one-third the depth of the joist. (iii) Notches in the top or bottom of the joists shall not exceed one-sixth the depth and shall not be located in the middle third of the span. (6) Bottom board material (with or without patches) must meet or exceed the level of 48 inch-pounds of puncture resistance as tested by the Beach Puncture Test in accordance with Standard Test Methods for Puncture and Stiffness of Paperboard, and Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard, ASTM D781-1968 (Reapproved 1973) (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). The material must be suitable for patches and the patch life must be equivalent to the material life. Patch installation instruction must be included in the manufactured home manufacturer's instructions. The bottom board material must be tight fitted against all penetrations. (h) Roofs. (1) Roofs shall be of sufficient strength to withstand the load requirements as defined in § 3280.305 (b) and (c) without exceeding the deflections specified in § 3280.305(d). The connections between roof framework members and bearing walls shall be fabricated in such a manner to provide for the transfer of design vertical and horizontal loads to the bearing walls and to resist uplift forces. (2) Roofing membranes shall be of sufficient rigidity to prevent deflection which would permit ponding of water or separation of seams due to wind, snow, ice, erection or transportation forces. (3) Cutting of roof framework members for passage of electrical, plumbing or mechanical systems shall not be allowed except where substantiated by engineering analysis. (4) All roof penetrations for electrical, plumbing or mechanical systems shall be properly flashed and sealed. In addition, where a metal roof membrane is penetrated, a wood backer shall be installed. The backer plate shall be not less than 5/16 inch plywood, with exterior glues, secured to the roof framing system beneath the metal roof, and shall be of a size to assure that all screws securing the flashing are held by the backer plate. (5) Portions of roof assemblies, including, but not limited to, dormers, gables, crickets, hinged roof sections, sheathing, roof coverings, underlayments, flashings, and eaves and overhangs are permitted to be assembled and installed on site in accordance with 24 CFR part 3282, subpart M, provided that the requirements in paragraphs (h)(5)(i) through (iv) of this section are met. (i) Approved installation instructions must be provided that include requirements for the following items: (A) Materials, installation, and structural connections complying with this section; (B) Installation and fastening of sheathing and roof coverings; (C) Installation of appliance vent systems in accordance with § 3280.710; (D) Installation of plumbing vents as required by § 3280.611; and (E) Installation of attic ventilation in accordance with § 3280.504(c). (ii) The installation instructions specified in paragraph (h)(5)(i) of this section must include drawings, details, and instructions as necessary to assure that the on-site work complies with the approved design. (iii) The installation instructions specified in paragraph (h)(5)(i) of this section must provide for inspection of the work at the installation site. As necessary to ensure conformance, inspection panels may be required, or inspections may need to occur in stages that assure inspections are performed before any work is concealed. Such inspection procedures shall be addressed in the approved installation instructions. (iv) Temporary weather protection must be provided per § 3280.307(e). (i) Frame construction. The frame shall be capable of transmitting all design loads to stabilizing devices without exceeding the allowable load and deflections of this section. The frame shall also be capable of withstanding the effects of transportation shock and vibration without degradation as required by subpart J. (1) [Reserved] (2) Protection of metal frames against corrosion. Metal frames shall be made corrosion resistant or protected against corrosion. Metal frames may be protected against corrosion by painting. (j) Welded connections. (1) All welds must be made in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, AISC 360 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4); the North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, AISI S100 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4); and the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members, SEI/ASCE 8 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (2) Regardless of the provisions of any reference standard contained in this subpart, deposits of weld slag or flux shall be required to be removed only from welded joints at the following locations: (i) Drawbar and coupling mechanisms; (ii) Main member splices, and (iii) Spring hanger to main member connections. (k) Attics. (1) For roofs with slopes 7:12 or greater, the area of the attic floor that meets the ceiling-height/living-space requirements of these construction and safety standards must be designed to resist a minimum design live load of 40 pounds per square foot (psf) in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section. (2) For roofs with slopes less than 7:12 that contain an attic area or for portions of roofs with slopes 7:12 or greater that do meet the ceiling height/living space requirements of the standards, the attic floor must be designed for a storage live load of 20 pounds per square foot (psf). (i) Attic area as used within this section are those spaces where the maximum clear height between joist and rafters is 42 inches or greater or where there are two or more adjacent trusses with web configurations capable of accommodating an assumed rectangle 42 inches high by 24 inches in width or greater, within the plane of the trusses. (ii) The live load need only be applied to those portions of the joist or truss bottom chords where all of the following criteria are met: (A) The attic area is accessible from an opening not less than 20 inches in width and 30 inches in length that is located where the clear height in the attic is a minimum of 30 inches; and (B) The slope of the joists of the truss bottom chord are no greater than 2 inches vertical to 12 inches horizontal; and (C) Required insulation depth is less than the joist or truss bottom chord member depth." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.4.1.6,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,D,Subpart D—Body and Frame Construction Requirements,,§ 3280.306 Windstorm protection.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 52 FR 4583, Feb. 12, 1987; 59 FR 2473, Jan. 14, 1994; 70 FR 72045, Nov. 30, 2005; 72 FR 59362, Oct. 19, 2007; 78 FR 73983, Dec. 9, 2013]","(a) Provisions for support and anchoring systems. Each manufactured home shall have provisions for support/anchoring or foundation systems that, when properly designed and installed, will resist overturning and lateral movement (sliding) of the manufactured home as imposed by the respective design loads. For Wind Zone I, the design wind loads to be used for calculating resistance to overturning and lateral movement shall be the simultaneous application of the wind loads indicated in § 3280.305(c)(1)(i), increased by a factor of 1.5. The 1.5 factor of safety for Wind Zone I is also to be applied simultaneously to both the vertical building projection, as horizontal wind load, and across the surface of the full roof structure, as uplift loading. For Wind Zones II and III, the resistance shall be determined by the simultaneous application of the horizontal drag and uplift wind loads, in accordance with § 3280.305(c)(1)(ii). The basic allowable stresses of materials required to resist overturning and lateral movement shall not be increased in the design and proportioning of these members. No additional shape or location factors need to be applied in the design of the tiedown system. The dead load of the structure may be used to resist these wind loading effects in all Wind Zones. (1) The provisions of this section shall be followed and the support and anchoring systems shall be designed by a Registered Professional Engineer or Architect. (2) The manufacturer of each manufactured home is required to make provision for the support and anchoring systems but is not required to provide the anchoring equipment or stabilizing devices. When the manufacturer's installation instructions provide for the main frame structure to be used as the points for connection of diagonal ties, no specific connecting devices need be provided on the main frame structure. (b) Contents of instructions. (1) The manufacturer must provide printed instructions with each manufactured home that specify the location and required capacity of stabilizing devices on which the home's design is based. The manufacturer must identify by paint, label, decal stencil, or other means: the location of each column support pier location required along the marriage line(s) of multi-section manufactured homes; each pier location required along the perimeter of the home; each required shear wall pier support; and any other special pier support locations specified in the manufacturer's printed instructions. Such identifications must be visible after the home is installed. The manufacturer must provide drawings and specifications, certified by a registered professional engineer or architect, that indicate at least one acceptable system of anchoring, including the details or required straps or cables, their end connections, and all other devices needed to transfer the wind loads from the manufactured home to an anchoring or foundation system. (2) For anchoring systems, the instructions shall indicate: (i) The minimum anchor capacity required; (ii) That anchors should be certified by a professional engineer, architect, or a nationally recognized testing laboratory as to their resistance, based on the maximum angle of diagonal tie and/or vertical tie loading (see paragraph (c)(3) of this section) and angle of anchor installation, and type of soil in which the anchor is to be installed; (iii) That ground anchors are to be embedded below the frost line, unless the foundation system is frost-protected in accordance with §§ 3285.312(b) and 3285.404 of the Model Manufactured Home Installation Standards in this chapter. (iv) That ground anchors must be installed to their full depth, and stabilizer plates must be installed in accordance with the ground anchor listing or certification to provide required resistance to overturning and sliding. (v) That anchoring equipment should be certified by a registered professional engineer or architect to resist these specified forces in accordance with testing procedures in ASTM D3953-97, Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (c) Design criteria. The provisions made for anchoring systems shall be based on the following design criteria for manufactured homes. (1) The minimum number of ties provided per side of each home shall resist design wind loads required in § 3280.305(c)(1). (2) Ties shall be as evenly spaced as practicable along the length of the manufactured home, with not more than two (2) feet open-end spacing on each end. (3) Vertical ties or straps shall be positioned at studs. Where a vertical tie and a diagonal tie are located at the same place, both ties may be connected to a single anchor, provided that the anchor used is capable of carrying both loadings, simultaneously. (4) Add-on sections of expandable manufactured homes shall have provisions for vertical ties at the exposed ends. (d) Requirements for ties. Manufactured homes in Wind Zone I require only diagonal ties. These ties shall be placed along the main frame and below the outer side walls. All manufactured homes designed to be located in Wind Zones II and III shall have a vertical tie installed at each diagonal tie location. (e) Protection requirements. Protection shall be provided at sharp corners where the anchoring system requires the use of external straps or cables. Protection shall also be provided to minimize damage to siding by the cable or strap. (f) Anchoring equipment—load resistance. Anchoring equipment shall be capable of resisting an allowable working load equal to or exceeding 3,150 pounds and shall be capable of withstanding a 50 percent overload (4,725 pounds total) without failure of either the anchoring equipment or the attachment point on the manufactured home. (g) Anchoring equipment—weatherization. Anchoring equipment exposed to weathering shall have a resistance to weather deterioration at least equivalent to that provided by a coating of zinc on steel of not less than 0.30 ounces per square foot of surface coated, and in accordance with the following: (1) Slit or cut edges of zinc-coated steel strapping do not need to be zinc coated. (2) Type 1, Finish B, Grade 1 steel strapping, 1 1/4 inches wide and 0.035 inches in thickness, certified by a registered professional engineer or architect as conforming with ASTM D3953-97, Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4)." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.4.1.7,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,D,Subpart D—Body and Frame Construction Requirements,,§ 3280.307 Resistance to elements and use.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975, as amended at 86 FR 2520, Jan. 12, 2021; 89 FR 75749, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Exterior coverings shall be of moisture and weather resistive materials attached with corrosion resistant fasteners to resist wind, snow and rain. Metal coverings and exposed metal structural members shall be of corrosion resistant materials or shall be protected to resist corrosion. All joints between portions of the exterior covering shall be designed, and assembled to protect against the infiltration of air and water, except for any designed ventilation of wall or roof cavity. (b) Joints between dissimilar materials and joints between exterior coverings and frames of openings shall be protected with a compatible sealant suitable to resist infiltration of air or water. (c) Where adjoining materials or assemblies of materials are of such nature that separation can occur due to expansion, contraction, wind loads or other loads induced by erection or transportation, sealants shall be of a type that maintains protection against infiltration or penetration by air, moisture or vermin. (d) Exterior surfaces shall be sealed to resist the entrance of rodents. (e) Multi-section and attached manufactured homes (see subpart K of this part) are not required to comply with the factory installation of weather-resistant exterior finishes for those areas left open for field connection of the sections provided the following conditions are satisfied: (1) Temporary weather protection for exposed, unprotected construction is provided in accordance with methods to be included in the approved design. (2) Methods for on-site completion and finishing of these elements are included in the approved design. (3) Complete installation instructions and the required materials for finishing these elements are provided. (f) The exterior wall envelope must be designed and constructed in a manner that prevents the accumulation of water within the wall assembly by providing a Water Resistive Barrier (WRB) behind the exterior cladding and a means of draining water that enters the assembly." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.4.1.8,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,D,Subpart D—Body and Frame Construction Requirements,,§ 3280.308 Formaldehyde emission controls for composite wood products,HUD,,,"[85 FR 5566, Jan. 31, 2020]","(a) Definitions. For purposes of this section, the definitions found in 40 CFR 770.3 apply. (b) Formaldehyde emission levels. The following maximum formaldehyde emission standards apply whether the composite wood product is in the form of a panel or is incorporated into a component part or finished good: (1) For hardwood plywood made with a veneer core or composite core, the maximum level is 0.05 parts per million (ppm) of formaldehyde; (2) For medium density fiberboard, the maximum level is 0.11 ppm of formaldehyde; (3) For thin medium density fiberboard, the maximum level is 0.13 ppm of formaldehyde; and (4) For particleboard, the maximum level is 0.09 ppm of formaldehyde. (c) Product certification and continuing qualification. Only certified composite wood products whether in the form of panels or incorporated into component parts or finished goods, are permitted to be used in manufactured homes sold, supplied, offered for sale, or manufactured in or imported into the United States, consistent with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) product testing requirements at 40 CFR 770.15. See § 3280.406 for testing requirements for product certification and testing requirements for continuing qualification of formaldehyde emission levels. (d) Panel label. Manufactured homes must use panels or bundles of panels that are labeled by a panel producer consistent with the labeling requirements at 40 CFR 770.45. (e) Finished good certification label. Each manufactured home must be provided with a finished good certification label indicating that the home has been produced with composite wood products, or finished goods that contain composite wood products, that comply with the formaldehyde emission requirements of this part and 40 CFR part 770, consistent with § 3280.5(i). (f) Non-complying lots. Composite wood products from non-complying lots ( i.e., lots that exceed the applicable formaldehyde ppm) are not certified composite wood products and may not be used in manufactured homes except in accordance with 40 CFR 770.22. (g) Stockpiling. The use of stockpiled inventory of composite wood products, whether in the form of panels or incorporated into component parts or finished goods, in manufactured homes, is prohibited in accordance with EPA regulations at 40 CFR 770.12(b) through (d). (h) Third party certification. All composite wood products in paragraph (b) of this section must be certified by an agency or organization that has been recognized to participate in the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Title VI Third Party Certification Program." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.4.1.9,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,D,Subpart D—Body and Frame Construction Requirements,,§ 3280.309 Standard for vinyl siding and polypropylene siding used in manufactured homes.,HUD,,,"[89 FR 75749, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Scope. This section establishes the requirements for vinyl siding and polypropylene siding used in manufactured homes. (b) Standards —(1) Vinyl siding. All vinyl siding must comply with the requirements of ASTM D3679 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and must be certified or listed and labeled as conforming to those requirements. (2) Polypropylene siding. All polypropylene siding must comply with the requirements of ASTM D7254 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and must be certified or listed and labeled as conforming to those requirements. (c) Installation. Vinyl siding and soffit installation must be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions. Vinyl siding and soffit installation must be based on ASTM D4756 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4)." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.5.1.1,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,E,Subpart E—Testing,,§ 3280.401 Structural load tests.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 58 FR 55007, Oct. 25, 1993; 70 FR 72045, Nov. 30, 2005]","Every structural assembly tested shall be capable of meeting the Proof Load Test or the Ultimate Load Test as follows: (a) Proof load tests. Every structural assembly tested must be capable of sustaining its dead load plus superimposed live loads equal to 1.75 times the required live loads for a period of 12 hours without failure. Tests must be conducted with loads applied and deflections recorded in 1/4 design live load increments at 10-minute intervals until 1.25 times design live load plus dead load has been reached. Additional load shall then be applied continuously until 1.75 times design live load plus dead load has been reached. Assembly failure shall be considered as design live load deflection (or residual deflection measured 12 hours after live load removal) that is greater than the limits set in § 3280.305(d), rupture, fracture, or excessive yielding. Design live load deflection criteria do not apply when the structural assembly being evaluated does not include structural framing members. An assembly to be tested shall be of the minimum quality of materials and workmanship of the production. Each test assembly, component, or subassembly shall be identified as to type and quality or grade of material. All assemblies, components, or subassemblies qualifying under this test shall be subject to a continuing qualification testing program acceptable to HUD. (b) Ultimate load tests. Ultimate load tests must be performed on a minimum of three assemblies or components to generally evaluate the structural design. Every structural assembly or component tested must be capable of sustaining its total dead load plus the design live load increased by a factor of safety of at least 2.5. A factor of safety greater than 2.5 shall be used when required by an applicable reference standard in § 3280.304(b)(1). Tests shall be conducted with loads applied and deflections recorded in 1/4 design live load increments at 10-minute intervals until 1.25 times design live load plus dead load has been reached. Additional loading shall then be applied continuously until failure occurs, or the total of the factor of safety times the design live load plus the dead load is reached. Assembly failure shall be considered as design live load deflection greater than the limits set in § 3280.305(d), rupture, fracture, or excessive yielding. Design live load deflection criteria do not apply when the structural assembly being evaluated does not include structural framing members. Assemblies to be tested shall be representative of average quality or materials and workmanship of the production. Each test assembly, component, or subassembly shall be identified as to type and quality or grade of material. All assemblies, components, or subassemblies qualifying under this test shall be subject to a periodic qualification testing program acceptable to HUD." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.5.1.2,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,E,Subpart E—Testing,,§ 3280.402 Test procedures for roof trusses.,HUD,,,"[78 FR 4065, Jan. 18, 2013]","(a) Roof load tests. This section provides the roof truss test procedure for vertical loading conditions. Where roof trusses act as support for other members, have eave or cornice projections, or support concentrated loads, roof trusses must also be tested for those conditions. These test procedures are required for new truss designs in all three wind zones and for existing truss designs used in Wind Zones II and III. (b) General. Trusses must be tested in a truss test fixture that replicates the design loads, and actual support points, and does not restrain horizontal movement. When tested singly or in groups of two or more trusses, trusses shall be mounted on supports and positioned as intended to be installed in the manufactured home in order to give the required clear span distance (L) and eave or cornice distance (Lo), if applicable, as specified in the design. (l) When trusses are tested singly, trusses shall be positioned in a test fixture, with supports properly located and the roof loads evenly applied. See Figure 3280.402(b)(1). (2) When tested in groups of two or more, the top chords are permitted to be sheathed with nominal 1/4-inch × 12-inch plywood strips. The plywood strips shall be at least long enough to cover the top chords of the trusses at the designated design truss spacing. Adjacent plywood strips shall be separated by at least 1/8-inch. The plywood strips shall be nailed with 4d nails or equivalent staples no closer than 8 inches on center along the top chord. The bottom chords of the adjacent trusses shall be permitted to be one of the following: (i) Unbraced; or (ii) Laterally braced together (not cross-braced) with 1-inch × 2-inch stripping no closer than 24 inches on center, nailed with only one 8d nail at each truss. See Figure 3280.402(b)(2). (c) Measuring and loading methods. Deflections must be measured at the free end of an eave or cornice projection and at least at the truss mid-span and quarter points. Scissors or other unique truss configurations are to be measured at as many additional bottom chord panel points as necessary to obtain an accurate representation of the deflected shape of the truss so as to be able to locate and record the point(s) of maximum deflection. Deflections must be read and recorded relative to a fixed reference datum. Deflections must be read and recorded to the nearest 1/32-inch. Dead load must be applied to the top and bottom chord, and live load must be applied to the top chord through a suitable hydraulic, pneumatic, or mechanical system or weights to simulate design loads. Load unit weights for uniformly distributed top chord loads must be separated so that arch action does not occur and be spaced not more than 12 inches on center so as to simulate uniform loading. Bottom chord loading must be spaced as uniformly as practical. Truss gravity loads must be calculated based on the overall truss length (horizontal projection), including eave or cornice projections. (d) Testing procedures. Either the testing method in paragraph (d)(1) or (d)(2) of this section may be used, however, the testing method in paragraph (d)(3) of this section must be used, to test trusses to establish compliance with the provisions of these standards. (1) Proof load truss test procedure. At least three average quality/consecutively tested trusses must pass all requirements of the test, for initial qualification of the truss design. All tests for initial qualification of the truss designs evaluated by this procedure must be certified by a Registered Engineer or Architect, or by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. An in-house quality control and follow-up testing program (see paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section) must be approved prior to entering production of any truss design evaluated by this procedure. (i) Dead load. Measure and record initial elevation of the truss or trusses in the test position at no load. Apply to the top and bottom chords of the truss dead loads that are representative of the actual weights of materials to be supported by the truss. However, the dead load may only be applied as indicated in paragraph (e)(4) of this section for ongoing follow-up testing. Dead loads to be applied to the truss test assembly are permitted to include only the weights of materials supported by the truss and not the weight of the truss itself. However, readings from load cells (when used) on which the test truss rests must reflect the sum of the applied load plus the weight of the truss. Apply dead loads and hold for 5 minutes. Measure and record the deflections. (ii) Live load. Maintaining the dead loads, apply live load to the top chord in approximate 1/4 live load increments until dead load plus the live load is reached. Measure and record the deflections no sooner than one minute after each 1/4 live load increment has been applied and 5 minutes after the full live load has been reached. (iii) Initial recovery phase. Remove the design live load but not the dead load. Measure and record the deflections 5 minutes after the total live load has been removed. (iv) Continue to load the truss to: (A) Dead load plus 2.0 times the design live load. Maintain this loading for 6 hours and inspect the truss for failure. Failure is rupture, fracture, or excessive yielding; or (B) Dead load plus 1.75 times the design live load. Maintain this loading for 12 hours and inspect the truss for failure. Failure is rupture, fracture, or excessive yielding. (v) Final recovery phase. Remove 2.0 times the design live load, but not the dead load or 1.75 times the design live load, but not the dead load. Measure and record deflections within 4 hours after removing 2.0 times the design live load or 1.75 times the design live load. (vi) Acceptance criteria. The truss design is acceptable if all of the following conditions are met: (A) The maximum deflection between no load and dead load must be L/480 or less for simply supported clear spans and Lo/180 or less for eave and cornice projections; and (B) The maximum deflection between dead load and design live load must be L/180 or less for simply supported clear spans and Lo/90 or less for eave and cornice projections; and (C) After the design live load is removed, and with the dead load still applied, the maximum recovery deflection must be L/360 or less for simply supported spans and Lo/180 or less for eave and cornice projections; and (D) The truss must maintain the overload condition for 6 hours without rupture or fracture, or excessive yielding; and (E) After 2.0 times the design live load has been removed, and with the dead load still applied, the maximum recovery deflection must be L/180 or less for simply supported clear spans and Lo/90 or less for eave and cornice projections; and (F) As applicable, each truss design must also meet all requirements for uplift loads required by paragraph (d)(3) of this section. For Wind Zone I uplift load requirements, see paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section. For Wind Zones II and III uplift load requirements, see paragraph (d)(3)(ii) of this section. (2) Ultimate load truss test procedure. (i) At least two average quality/consecutively tested trusses must pass all requirements of the test, for initial qualification of the truss design. All tests for initial qualification of the truss designs evaluated by this procedure must be certified by a Registered Engineer or Architect, or by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. An in-house quality control and follow-up testing program (see paragraph (e) and (f) of this section) must be approved prior to entering production of any truss design evaluated by this procedure. (ii) Dead load. Measure and record initial elevation of the truss or trusses in the test position at no load. Apply to the top and bottom chords of the truss dead loads that are representative of the actual weights of materials to be supported by the truss. However, the dead load may only be applied as indicated in paragraph (e)(4) of this section for ongoing follow-up testing. Dead loads to be applied to the truss test assembly shall be permitted to include only the weights of materials supported by the truss, and not the weight of the truss itself. However, readings from load cells (when used) on which the test truss rests must reflect the sum of the applied load plus the weight of the truss. Apply dead loads and hold for 5 minutes. Measure and record the deflections. (iii) Live load. Maintaining the dead loads, apply live load at a uniform rate to the top chord in approximate 1/4 live load increments until the dead load plus the live load is reached. Measure and record the deflections no sooner than one minute after each 1/4 live load increment has been applied and 5 minutes after the full live load has been reached. (iv) Initial recovery phase. Remove the design live load but not the dead load. Measure and record the deflections 5 minutes after the design live load has been removed. (v) Overload phase. After the recovery phase is completed, reapply the full live load to the truss assembly. Additional loading shall then be applied continuously until the dead load plus 2.5 times the design live load is reached. This overload condition must be maintained for at least 5 minutes. (vi) Final recovery phase. Remove 2.5 times the design live load but not the dead load. Measure and record deflections within 4 hours after 2.5 times the design live load has been removed. (vii) Acceptance criteria. The truss design is acceptable if all of the following conditions are met: (A) The maximum deflection between no load and dead load must be L/480 or less for simply supported clear spans and Lo/180 or less for eave and cornice projections; and (B) Dead load to design live load deflections shall be L/180 or less for simply supported clear spans and Lo/90 or less for eave and cornice projections; and (C) After the design live load is removed and with the dead load still applied, the maximum recovery deflection must be L/360 or less for simply supported spans and Lo/180 or less for eave and cornice projections; and (D) The truss shall maintain the overload condition for 5 minutes without rupture, fracture, or excessive yielding; and (E) After 2.5 times the design live load is removed, and with the dead load still applied, the truss must recover to at least L/180 for simply supported clear spans and Lo/90 for eave and cornice within 4 hours after the total live load has been removed; and (F) As applicable, each truss design must also meet all requirements for uplift loads in Wind Zone I or Wind Zone II and III, as required by paragraph (d)(3) of this section. For Wind Zone I uplift load requirements, see paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section. For Wind Zones II and III uplift load requirements, see paragraph (d)(3)(ii) of this section. (3) Uplift load tests. Each truss design must also pass all requirements of the uplift load test, as applicable, in paragraph (d)(3)(i) or (d)(3)(ii) and paragraphs (d)(3)(iii) and (d)(3)(iv) of this section. (i) Wind Zone I uplift load test. Where there are engineered connectors between the top chord and web members of the truss, such as metal connector plates or wood gussets or their equivalents, uplift testing in Wind Zone I is at the discretion of the Registered Engineer or Architect or nationally recognized testing laboratory certifying the truss design. When testing is deemed necessary by the Registered Engineer or Architect or nationally recognized testing laboratory certifying the truss design, a minimum of one average quality uplift load test is to be conducted for each such truss design and must pass all requirements of the test for initial qualification of the truss design. The net uplift load for trusses designed for use in Wind Zone I is 9 psf for the clear span of the truss and 22.5 psf for eave or cornice projections. (ii) Wind Zones II and III uplift loads test. This test is required for all trusses designed for use in Wind Zones II and III. A minimum of three average quality/consecutive uplift load tests are to be conducted for each truss design when tested in the inverted position and a minimum of two average quality/consecutive uplift load tests are to be conducted for trusses in the upright position. The trusses must pass all requirements of the test for initial qualification of the truss design. The uplift load for trusses designed to be used in Wind Zones II and III for the clear span or eave cornice projections is to be determined by subtracting the dead load applied to the truss from the uplift load provided in the Table of Design Wind Pressures in § 3280.305(c)(1)(ii)(B). (iii) Trusses designed for use in Wind Zone I, when tested (see paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section), must be tested in either the inverted position to 2.5 times the net wind uplift load or in the upright position to 1.75 times the net wind uplift load. Trusses designed for use in Wind Zones II and III (see paragraph (d)(3)(ii) of this section) must be tested to 2.0 times the uplift load minus the dead load in the inverted position and to 1.75 times the uplift load minus the dead load in the upright position. See Figure 3280.402(b)(3). (iv) The following describes how to conduct the uplift test with the truss in the upright position. Similar procedures must be used if conducting the test in the inverted position. (A) Place the truss in the test fixture and position as it is intended to be installed in the manufactured home. See Figure 3280.402(b)(3). (B) Position the load measurement devices to register the wind uplift loads that will be applied to the top chord of the truss. The uplift loads shall be applied through tension devices not wider than one inch and spaced not greater than approximately 12 inches on center and shall be applied as uniform as possible, so as to simulate uniform loading. Gravity and wind uplift load tests may be performed on the same truss in this single setup mode. For the wind uplift test, it is permissible to stabilize the bottom chord of the truss in the test fixture to simulate ceiling materials or purlin supports. Measure and record the initial elevation of the bottom chord of the truss in the test position at the mid-span and quarter points of the truss, and at the free end of an eave or cornice projection greater than 12 inches. Scissors or other unique truss configurations are to be measured at as many additional bottom chord panel points as necessary to obtain an accurate representation of the deflected shape of the truss, so as to be able to locate and record the point(s) of maximum deflection. Eave or cornice projection loads are applied separately for eaves or cornice projections greater than 12 inches. For eave or cornice projections greater than 12 inches, the additional required load must be applied to the eave simultaneously with the main body load. For eave or cornice projections of 12 inches or less, add the additional required load to the main body load and apply it to the entire top chord. (C) Measure and record the deflection 5 minutes after the net uplift load has been applied. Design load deflection shall be L/180 or less for a simply supported clear span and Lo/90 or less for eave or cornice projections. (D) For trusses tested in the upright position, continue to load the truss to 1.75 times the net uplift load in paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section for Wind Zone I and 1.75 times the uplift load in paragraph (d)(3)(ii) for Wind Zones II and III, and maintain the load for one minute. For trusses tested in the inverted position, continue to load the truss to 2.50 times the net uplift load in paragraph (d)(3)(i) for Wind Zone I and to 2.0 times the uplift load minus the dead load in paragraph (d)(3)(ii) for Wind Zones II and III, and maintain the full load for one minute. Regardless of the test position of the truss, upright or inverted, trusses must maintain the overload for the specified time period without rupture, fracture, or excessive yielding. (e) Follow-up testing. Follow-up testing procedures must include the following: (1) All trusses qualifying under these test procedures must be subject to a quality control and follow-up testing program. (i) Manufacturers of listed or labeled trusses must follow an in-house quality control program with follow-up testing approved by a nationally recognized testing program as specified in paragraph (e)(3) of this section. The in-house quality control program must include, at a minimum, procedures for quality of materials including, but not limited to, grade(s) of materials, allowable splits, knots, and other applicable lumber qualities; workmanship including, but not limited to, plate placement and embedment tolerances; other manufacturing tolerances; description and calibration of test equipment; truss retesting criteria; and procedures in the event of noncomplying results. (ii) Those home manufacturers producing trusses for their own use, and which are not listed or labeled, must have an in-house quality control program (see paragraph (i) of this section) that includes follow-up testing, as specified in this section, and is approved by their Design Approval Primary Inspection Agency (DAPIA). (2) Truss designs that are qualified but not in production are not subject to follow-up testing until produced. When the truss design is brought into production, a follow-up test is to be performed if the truss design has been out of production for more than 6 months. (3) The frequency of truss manufacturer's quality control follow-up testing for trusses must be at least: (i) One test for the first 100 trusses produced, with a subsequent test for every 2,500 trusses for trusses qualified under the proof load truss test procedure or inverted uplift test procedure for trusses used in Wind Zones II and III or once every 6 months, whichever is more frequent, for every truss design produced; or (ii) One test for every 4,000 trusses produced for trusses qualified under the ultimate load truss test procedure or upright uplift test procedure for trusses used in Wind Zones II and III or once every 6 months, whichever is more frequent, for every truss design produced. (4) For follow-up testing only, the full dead load may be applied to the top chord of the truss, when the bottom chord dead load is 5 psf or less." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.5.1.3,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,E,Subpart E—Testing,,"§ 3280.403 Requirements for windows, sliding glass doors, and skylights.",HUD,,,"[52 FR 4583, Feb. 12, 1987, as amended at 52 FR 35543, Sept. 22, 1987; 58 FR 55009, Oct. 25, 1993; 59 FR 2474, Jan. 14, 1994; 70 FR 72046, Nov. 30, 2005; 78 FR 73983, Dec. 9, 2013; 89 FR 75750, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Scope. This section establishes the requirements for prime windows and sliding glass doors, except that windows used in an entry door are components of the door and are excluded from these requirements. (b)(1) All primary windows and sliding glass doors must comply with AAMA 1701.2 or AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), except the exterior and interior pressure tests must be conducted at the minimum design wind loads required for components in § 3280.305(c)(1). (2) All skylights must comply with AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (2) All skylights must comply with AAMA/WDMA/CSA/101/I.S.2/A440-08: North American Fenestration Standard/Specifications for Windows, Doors and Skylights (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). Skylights must withstand the roof loads for the applicable Roof Load Zone specified in § 3280.305(c)(3), and the following wind loads: (i) For Wind Zone I, the wind loads specified in § 3280.305(c)(1)(i); and (ii) For Wind Zones II and III, the wind loads specified for exterior roof coverings, sheathing, and fastenings in § 3280.305(c)(1)(ii). (c) Installation. All primary windows, sliding glass doors, and skylights must be installed in a manner that allows proper operation and provides protection against the elements, as required by § 3280.307. (d) Glass. (1) Safety glazing materials, where used shall meet ANSI Z97.1 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (2) Sealed insulating glass, where used, must meet all performance requirements for Class C in accordance with ASTM E 774-97, Standard Specification for the Classification of the Durability of Sealed Insulating Glass Units. The sealing system must be qualified in accordance with ASTM E 773-97, Standard Test Methods for Accelerated Weathering of Sealed Insulating Glass Units. Each glass unit must be permanently identified with the name of the insulating glass manufacturer. (e) Certification. All primary windows and sliding glass doors to be installed in manufactured homes must be certified as complying with AAMA 1701.2 or AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). This certification must be based on tests conducted at the design wind loads specified in § 3280.305(c)(1). (1) All such windows and doors must show evidence of certification by affixing a quality certification label to the product from an independent product certification body accredited to ISO/IEC 17065 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (2) In determining certifiability of the products, an independent quality assurance agency must conduct pre-production specimen tests in accordance with AAMA 1702.2 or AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). Further, such agency must inspect the product manufacturer's facility at least twice per year. (3) All skylights installed in manufactured homes must be certified as complying with AAMA 1701.2 or AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (both incorporated by reference, see 3280.4). (f) Protection of primary window and sliding glass door openings in high wind areas. For homes designed to be located in Wind Zones II and III, manufacturers shall design exterior walls surrounding the primary window and sliding glass door openings to allow for the installation of shutters or other protective covers, such as plywood, to cover these openings. Although not required, the Department encourages manufacturers to provide the shutters or protective covers and to install receiving devices, sleeves, or anchors for fasteners to be used to secure the shutters or protective covers to the exterior walls. If the manufacturer does not provide shutters or other protective covers to cover these openings, the manufacturer must provide to the homeowner instructions for at least one method of protecting primary window and sliding glass door openings. This method must be capable of resisting the design wind pressures specified in § 3280.305 without taking the home out of conformance with the standards in this part. These instructions must be included in the printed instructions that accompany each manufactured home. The instructions shall also indicate whether receiving devices, sleeves, or anchors, for fasteners to be used to secure the shutters or protective covers to the exterior walls, have been installed or provided by the manufacturer." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.5.1.4,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,E,Subpart E—Testing,,§ 3280.404 Standard for egress windows and devices for use in manufactured homes.,HUD,,,"[52 FR 4583, Feb. 12, 1987, as amended at 59 FR 2474, Jan. 14, 1994; 70 FR 72046, Nov. 30, 2005; 78 FR 73983, Dec. 9, 2013; 89 FR 75750, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Scope and purpose. The purpose of this section is to establish the requirements for the design, construction, and installation of windows and approved devices intended to be used as an emergency exit during conditions encountered in a fire or similar disaster. (b) Performance. Egress windows including auxiliary frame and seals, if any, must meet all requirements of AAMA 1701.2 and AAMA 1704 or AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (all incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (1) Loading. Exterior and interior pressure tests for components and cladding must be conducted meeting or exceeding the minimum design wind loads required by § 3280.305(c)(1). (2) Dimensions. All egress systems must have a minimum clear horizontal dimension of 20 inches and a minimum clear vertical dimension of 24 inches and have a clear opening of at least 5 ft 2 . (c) Installation. (1) The installation of egress windows or devices shall be installed in a manner which allows for proper operation and provides protection against the elements. ( See § 3280.307.) (2) An operational check of each installed egress window or device must be made at the manufactured home factory. All egress windows and devices must be capable of being opened to the minimum required dimensions by normal operation of the window without binding or requiring the use of tools. Any window or device failing this check must be repaired or replaced. A repaired window must conform to its certification. Any repaired or replaced window or device must pass the operational check. (3) Windows that require the removal of the sash to meet egress size requirements are prohibited. (d) Operating instructions. Operating instructions shall be affixed to each egress window and device and carry the legend “Do Not Remove.” (e) Certification of egress windows and devices. (1) Egress windows and devices must be listed in accordance with the procedures and requirements of AAMA 1701.2 and AAMA 1704 or AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (all incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). This certification must be based on tests conducted meeting or exceeding the minimum design wind loads specified in § 3280.305(c)(1). (2) All such windows and devices must show evidence of certification by affixing a quality certification label to the product from an independent product certification body accredited to ISO/IEC 17065 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (f) Protection of egress window openings in high wind areas. For homes designed to be located in Wind Zones II and III, manufacturers shall design exterior walls surrounding the egress window openings to allow for the installation of shutters or other protective covers, such as plywood, to cover these openings. Although not required, the Department encourages manufacturers to provide the shutters or protective covers and to install receiving devices, sleeves, or anchors for fasteners to be used to secure the shutters or protective covers to the exterior walls. If the manufacturer does not provide shutters or other protective covers to cover these openings, the manufacturer must provide to the homeowner instructions for at least one method of protecting egress window openings. This method must be capable of resisting the design wind pressures specified in § 3280.305 without taking the home out of conformance with the standards in this part. These instructions must be included in the printed instructions that accompany each manufactured home. The instructions shall also indicate whether receiving devices, sleeves, or anchors, for fasteners to be used to secure the shutters or protective covers to the exterior walls, have been installed or provided by the manufacturer." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.5.1.5,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,E,Subpart E—Testing,,§ 3280.405 Standard for swinging exterior passage doors for use in manufactured homes.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 52 FR 4583, Feb. 12, 1987; 52 FR 35543, Sept. 22, 1987; 58 FR 55009, Oct. 25, 1993; 59 FR 2474, Jan. 14, 1994; 70 FR 72046, Nov. 30, 2005; 89 FR 75750, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Introduction. This standard applies to all exterior passage door units, excluding sliding doors and doors used for access to utilities and compartments. This standard applies only to the door frame consisting of jambs, head and sill and the attached door or doors. (b) Performance requirements. The design and construction of exterior door units must meet all requirements of AAMA 1702.2 or AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (c) Materials and methods. Any material or method of construction must conform to the performance requirements as outlined in paragraph (b) of this section. Plywood must be exterior type and preservative treated in accordance with WDMA I.S.4 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (d) Exterior doors. All swinging exterior doors shall be installed in a manner which allows proper operation and provides protection against the elements ( see § 3280.307). (e) Certification. All swinging exterior doors to be installed in manufactured homes must be certified as complying with AAMA 1702.2 or AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (1) All such doors must show evidence of certification by affixing a quality certification label to the product from an independent product certification body accredited to ISO/IEC 17065 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (2) In determining certifiability of the products, an independent quality assurance agency must conduct a pre-production specimen test in accordance with AAMA 1702.2 or AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 (both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (f) Protection of exterior doors in high wind areas. For homes designed to be located in Wind Zones II and III, manufacturers shall design exterior walls surrounding the exterior door openings to allow for the installation of shutters or other protective covers, such as plywood, to cover these openings. Although not required, the Department encourages manufacturers to provide the shutters or protective covers and to install receiving devices, sleeves, or anchors for fasteners to be used to secure the shutters or protective covers to the exterior walls. If the manufacturer does not provide shutters or other protective covers to cover these openings, the manufacturer must provide to the homeowner instructions for at least one method of protecting exterior door openings. This method must be capable of resisting the design wind pressures specified in § 3280.305 without taking the home out of conformance with the standards in this part. These instructions must be included in the printed instructions that accompany each manufactured home. The instructions shall also indicate whether receiving devices, sleeves, or anchors, for fasteners to be used to secure the shutters or protective covers to the exterior walls, have been installed or provided by the manufacturer." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.5.1.6,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,E,Subpart E—Testing,,§ 3280.406 Air chamber test methods for certification and continuing qualification of formaldehyde emission levels.,HUD,,,"[85 FR 5566, Jan. 31, 2020]","(a) Definitions. For purposes of this section, the definitions found in 40 CFR 770.3 apply. (b) Testing requirements. Testing of composite wood products must be performed pursuant to the general requirements of 40 CFR 770.20(a) and (b). Certification testing must be performed pursuant to one of the air chamber test methods specified in 40 CFR 770.15 (ASTM E1333-14, or ASTM D6007-14, both incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). Quarterly testing must be performed pursuant to one of the air chamber test methods specified in 40 CFR 770.20(c) (ASTM E1333-14 or ASTM D6007-14). (c) Samples for testing. Samples for testing shall comply with 40 CFR 770.24." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.5.1.7,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,E,Subpart E—Testing,,"§ 3280.407 Quality control testing, manuals, facilities, and personnel.",HUD,,,"[85 FR 5566, Jan. 31, 2020]","(a) Definitions. For purposes of this section, the definitions found in 40 CFR 770.3 apply. (b) Quality control testing. Quality control testing is required for hardwood plywood made with a veneer core or composite core, medium density fiberboard, thin medium density fiberboard, and particleboard and must be performed in accordance with the general requirements in 40 CFR 770.20(a) and by one of the test methods and at the frequency specified in 40 CFR 770.20(b). Panels being tested with an equivalence and correlation must be determined in accordance with 40 CFR 770.20(d). (c) Quality control manuals, facilities, and personnel. A panel producer must have a written quality control manual, must designate a quality control facility for conducting quality control formaldehyde testing under this section, and must designate a person as quality control manager with adequate experience and/or training to be responsible for formaldehyde emissions quality control consistent with 40 CFR 770.21. A panel producer means a manufacturing plant or other facility that manufactures (excluding facilities that solely import products) composite wood products (hardwood plywood made with a veneer or composite core, medium-density fiberboard, and particleboard) on the premises." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.6.1.1,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,F,Subpart F—Thermal Protection,,§ 3280.501 Scope.,HUD,,,,"This subpart sets forth the requirements for condensation control, air infiltration, thermal insulation and certification for heating and comfort cooling." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.6.1.10,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,F,Subpart F—Thermal Protection,,§ 3280.510 Heat loss certificate.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 58 FR 55011, Oct. 25, 1993; 70 FR 72048, Nov. 30, 2005; 89 FR 75750, Sept. 16, 2024]","The manufactured home manufacturer must permanently affix the following “Certificate” to an interior surface of each dwelling unit that is readily visible to the occupant. The “Certificate” shall specify the following: (a) Heating zone certification. The design zone at which the manufactured home heat loss complies with § 3280.506(a). (b) Outdoor certification temperature. The lowest outdoor temperature at which the installed heating equipment will maintain a 70 °F temperature inside the home without storm sash or insulating glass for Zones 1 and 2, and with storm sash or insulating glass for Zone 3 and complying with § 3280.508 and § 3280.509. (c) Operating economy certification temperature. The temperature to be specified for operating economy and energy conservation shall be 20 °F or 30% of the design temperature difference, whichever is greater, added to the temperature specified as the heating system capacity certification temperature without storm windows or insulating glass in Zones 1 and 2 and with storm windows or insulating glass in Zone 3. Design temperature difference is 70° minus the heating system capacity certification temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. HEATING CERTIFICATE Home Manufacturer Plant Location Home Model (Include Uo Value Zone Map) This manufactured home has been thermally insulated to conform with the requirements of the Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards for all locations within Uo Value Zone ____. Heating Equipment Manufacturer Heating Equipment Model The above heating equipment has the capacity to maintain an average 70F temperature in this home at outdoor temperatures of [see paragraph (b) of this section] F. To maximize furnace operating economy and to conserve energy, it is recommended that this home be installed where the outdoor winter design temperature (97 1/2%) is not higher than [see paragraph (c) of this section] F degrees Fahrenheit. The above information has been calculated assuming a maximum wind velocity of 15 MPH at standard atmospheric pressure. This manufactured home has been thermally insulated to conform with the requirements of the Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards for all locations within Uo Value Zone ____. The above heating equipment has the capacity to maintain an average 70F temperature in this home at outdoor temperatures of [see paragraph (b) of this section] F. To maximize furnace operating economy and to conserve energy, it is recommended that this home be installed where the outdoor winter design temperature (97 1/2%) is not higher than [see paragraph (c) of this section] F degrees Fahrenheit. The above information has been calculated assuming a maximum wind velocity of 15 MPH at standard atmospheric pressure. (d) The following additional statement must be provided on the heating certificate and data plate required by § 3280.5 when the home is built with a vapor retarder of not greater than one perm (dry cup method) on the exterior side of the insulation: “This home is designed and constructed to be sited only in humid or fringe climate regions as shown on the Humid and Fringe Climate Map.” A reproduction of the Humid and Fringe Climate Map in § 3280.504 is to be provided on the heating certificate and data plate. The map must be not less than 3 1/2 inch × 2 1/4 inch in size and may be combined with the U o Value Zone Map for Manufactured Housing in § 3280.506." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.6.1.11,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,F,Subpart F—Thermal Protection,,§ 3280.511 Comfort cooling certificate and information.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 58 FR 55012, Oct. 25, 1993; 89 FR 75751, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) The manufactured home manufacturer must permanently affix a “Comfort Cooling Certificate” to an interior surface of each dwelling unit that is readily visible to the occupant. This certificate may be combined with the heating certificate required in § 3280.510. The manufacturer shall comply with one of the following three alternatives in providing the certificate and additional information concerning the cooling of the manufactured home: (1) Alternative I. If a central air conditioning system is provided by the home manufacturer, the heat gain calculation necessary to properly size the air conditioning equipment shall be in accordance with procedures outlined in chapter 22 of the 1989 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, with an assumed location and orientation. The following shall be supplied in the Comfort Cooling Certificate: Air Conditioner Manufacturer Air Conditioner Model Certified Capacity ______ BTU/Hr. in accordance with the appropriate Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Standards The central air conditioning system provided with this home has been sized, assuming an orientation of the front (hitch) end of the home facing ______ and is designed on the basis of a 75 °F indoor temperature and an outdoor temperature of __ °F dry bulb and __ °F wet bulb. Example Alternate I COMFORT COOLING CERTIFICATE Manufactured Home Mfg Plant Location Manufactured Home Model Air Conditioner Manufacturer Certified Capacity ______ BTU/Hr. in accordance with the appropriate Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Standards. The central air conditioning system provided with this home has been sized assuming an orientation of the front (hitch end) of the home facing ______. On this basis, the system is designed to maintain an indoor temperature of 75 °F when outdoor temperatures are __ °F dry bulb and __ °F wet bulb. The temperature to which this home can be cooled will change depending upon the amount of exposure of the windows to the sun's radiant heat. Therefore, the home's heat gains will vary dependent upon its orientation to the sun and any permanent shading provided. Information concerning the calculation of cooling loads at various locations, window exposures and shadings are provided in chapter 22 of the 1989 edition of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. Certified Capacity ______ BTU/Hr. in accordance with the appropriate Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Standards The central air conditioning system provided with this home has been sized, assuming an orientation of the front (hitch) end of the home facing ______ and is designed on the basis of a 75 °F indoor temperature and an outdoor temperature of __ °F dry bulb and __ °F wet bulb. Certified Capacity ______ BTU/Hr. in accordance with the appropriate Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Standards. The central air conditioning system provided with this home has been sized assuming an orientation of the front (hitch end) of the home facing ______. On this basis, the system is designed to maintain an indoor temperature of 75 °F when outdoor temperatures are __ °F dry bulb and __ °F wet bulb. The temperature to which this home can be cooled will change depending upon the amount of exposure of the windows to the sun's radiant heat. Therefore, the home's heat gains will vary dependent upon its orientation to the sun and any permanent shading provided. Information concerning the calculation of cooling loads at various locations, window exposures and shadings are provided in chapter 22 of the 1989 edition of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. (2) Alternative 2. For each home suitable for a central air cooling system, the manufacturer shall provide the following statement: “This air distribution system of this home is suitable for the installation of a central air conditioning system.” Example Alternate 2 COMFORT COOLING CERTIFICATE Manufactured Home Manufacturer Plant Location Manufactured Home Model This air distribution system of this home is suitable for the installation of central air conditioning. The supply air distribution system installed in this home is sized for Manufactured Home Central Air Conditioning System of up to ______ B.T.U./Hr. rated capacity which are certified in accordance with the appropriate Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Standards. When the air circulators of such air conditioners are rated at 0.3 inch water column static pressure or greater for the cooling air delivered to the manufactured home supply air duct system. Information necessary to calculate cooling loads at various locations and orientations is provided in the special comfort cooling information provided with this manufactured home. This air distribution system of this home is suitable for the installation of central air conditioning. The supply air distribution system installed in this home is sized for Manufactured Home Central Air Conditioning System of up to ______ B.T.U./Hr. rated capacity which are certified in accordance with the appropriate Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute Standards. When the air circulators of such air conditioners are rated at 0.3 inch water column static pressure or greater for the cooling air delivered to the manufactured home supply air duct system. Information necessary to calculate cooling loads at various locations and orientations is provided in the special comfort cooling information provided with this manufactured home. (3) Alternative 3. If the manufactured home is not equipped with an air supply duct system, or if the manufacturer elects not to designate the home as being suitable for the installation of a central air conditioning system, the manufacturer shall provide the following statement: “This air distribution system of this home has not been designed in anticipation of its use with a central air conditioning system.” Example Alternate 3 COMFORT COOLING CERTIFICATE Manufactured Home Mfg Plant Location Manufactured Home Model The air distribution system of this home has not been designed in anticipation of its use with a central air conditioning system. The air distribution system of this home has not been designed in anticipation of its use with a central air conditioning system. (b) For each home designated as suitable for central air conditioning the manufacturer shall provide the maximum central manufactured home air conditioning capacity certified in accordance with the ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240 with Addenda 1 and 2 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and in accordance with § 3280.715(a)(3). If the capacity information provided is based on entrances to the air supply duct at other than the furnace plenum, the manufacturer shall indicate the correct supply air entrance and return air exit locations. (c) Comfort cooling information. For each manufactured home designated, either “suitable for” or “provided with” a central air conditioning system, the manufacturer shall provide comfort cooling information specific to the manufactured home necessary to complete the cooling load calculations. The comfort cooling information shall include a statement to read as follows: To determine the required capacity of equipment to cool a home efficiently and economically, a cooling load (heat gain) calculation is required. The cooling load is dependent on the orientation, location and the structure of the home. Central air conditioners operate most efficiently and provide the greatest comfort when their capacity closely approximates the calculated cooling load. Each home's air conditioner should be sized in accordance with chapter 22 of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Handbook of Fundamentals, 1989 Edition, once the location and orientation are known. Information Provided by the Manufacturer Necessary To Calculate Sensible Heat Gain Walls (without windows and doors) U Ceilings and roofs of light color U Ceilings and roofs of dark color U Floors U Air ducts in floor U Air ducts in ceiling U Air ducts installed outside the home U Information necessary to calculate duct areas. To determine the required capacity of equipment to cool a home efficiently and economically, a cooling load (heat gain) calculation is required. The cooling load is dependent on the orientation, location and the structure of the home. Central air conditioners operate most efficiently and provide the greatest comfort when their capacity closely approximates the calculated cooling load. Each home's air conditioner should be sized in accordance with chapter 22 of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Handbook of Fundamentals, 1989 Edition, once the location and orientation are known. Information necessary to calculate duct areas." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.6.1.2,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,F,Subpart F—Thermal Protection,,§ 3280.502 Definitions.,HUD,,,,"(a) The following definitions are applicable to subpart F only: (1) Pressure envelope means that primary air barrier surrounding the living space which serves to limit air leakage. In construction using ventilated cavities, the pressure envelope is the interior skin. (2) Thermal envelope area means the sum of the surface areas of outside walls, ceiling and floor, including all openings. The wall area is measured by multiplying outside wall lengths by the inside wall height from floor to ceiling. The floor and ceiling areas are considered as horizontal surfaces using exterior width and length." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.6.1.3,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,F,Subpart F—Thermal Protection,,§ 3280.503 Materials.,HUD,,,,Materials used for insulation shall be of proven effectiveness and adequate durability to assure that required design conditions concerning thermal transmission are attained. 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.6.1.4,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,F,Subpart F—Thermal Protection,,§ 3280.504 Condensation control and installation of vapor retarders.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 58 FR 55009, Oct. 25, 1993; 70 FR 72046, Nov. 30, 2005; 71 FR 19639, Apr. 17, 2006; 78 FR 73984, Dec. 9, 2013; 86 FR 2521, Jan. 12, 2021; 89 FR 75750, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Ceiling vapor retarders. (1) In U o Value Zones 2 and 3, ceilings must have a vapor retarder with a permeance of not greater than 1 perm as measured by ASTM E96/E96M (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), installed on the living space side of the roof cavity. (2) For manufactured homes designed for Uo Value Zone 1, the vapor retarder may be omitted. (3) In multi-story manufactured homes, the ceiling vapor retarder is permitted to be omitted when the story directly above is part of the same manufactured home. (b) Exterior walls. Exterior walls must be provided with a system or method to manage moisture and vapor accumulation with one of the elements in paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of this section. For purposes of the requirement in this paragraph (b), the fire separation wall between each attached manufactured home must be considered to be an exterior wall. See subpart K of this part. (1) Exterior walls shall have a vapor barrier no greater than 1 perm (dry cup method) installed on the living space side of the wall, or (2) Unventilated wall cavities must have an external covering and/or sheathing that forms the pressure envelope. The covering and/or sheathing must have a combined permeance of not less than 5.0 perms. In the absence of test data, combined permeance is permitted to be computed using the following formula: P total = (1/[(1/P 1 ) + (1/P 2 )]), where P 1 and P 2 are the permeance values of the exterior covering and sheathing in perms. Formed exterior siding applied in sections with joints not caulked or sealed, are not considered to restrict water vapor transmission; or (3) Wall cavities must be constructed so that ventilation is provided to dissipate any condensation occurring in these cavities; or (4) Homes manufactured to be sited in “humid climates” or “fringe climates” as shown on the Humid and Fringe Climate Map in this paragraph are permitted to have a vapor retarder specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section installed on the exterior side of the wall insulation or be constructed with an external covering and sheathing with a combined permeance of not greater than 1.0 perms, provided the interior finish and interior wall panel materials have a combined permeance of not less than 5.0 perms. The following need not meet the minimum combined permeance rating of not less than 5.0 perms for interior finish or wall panel materials: (i) Kitchen back splash materials, less than 50 square feet in area installed around countertops, sinks, and ranges; (ii) Bathroom tub areas, shower compartments; (iii) Cabinetry and built-in furniture; (iv) Trim materials; (v) Hardboard wall paneling of less than 50 square feet in area under chair rails. (5) The following areas of local governments (counties or similar areas, unless otherwise specified), listed by state are deemed to be within the humid and fringe climate areas shown on the Humid and Fringe Climate Map in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, and the vapor retarder or construction methods specified in paragraph (b)(4) of this section may be applied to homes built to be sited within these jurisdictions: Alabama Baldwin, Barbour, Bullock, Butler, Choctaw, Clarke, Coffee, Conecuh, Covington, Crenshaw, Dale, Escambia, Geneva, Henry, Houston, Lowndes, Marengo, Mobile, Monroe, Montgomery, Pike, Washington, Wilcox. Florida All counties and locations within the State of Florida. Georgia Appling, Atkinson, Bacon, Baker, Ben Hill, Berrien, Brantley, Brooks, Bryan, Calhoun, Camden, Charlton, Chatham, Clay, Clinch, Coffee, Colquitt, Cook, Crisp, Decatur, Dougherty, Early, Echols, Effingham, Evans, Glynn, Wayne, Grady, Irwin, Jeff Davis, Lanier, Lee, Liberty, Long, Lowndes, McIntosh, Miller, Mitchell, Pierce, Quitman, Randolph, Seminole, Tattnall, Terrell, Thomas, Tift, Turner, Ware, Worth. Hawaii All counties and locations within the State of Hawaii. Louisiana All counties and locations within the State of Louisiana. Mississippi Adams, Amite, Claiborne, Clarke, Copiah, Covington, Forrest, Franklin, George, Greene, Hancock, Harrison, Hinds, Issaquena, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jefferson Davis, Jones, Lamar, Lawrence, Lincoln, Marion, Pearl River, Perry, Pike, Rankin, Simpson, Smith, Stone, Walthall, Warren, Wayne, Wilkinson. North Carolina Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender. South Carolina Jasper, Beaufort, Colleton, Dorchester, Charleston, Berkeley, Georgetown, Horry. Texas Anderson, Angelina, Aransas, Atascosa, Austin, Bastrop, Bee, Bexar, Brazoria, Brazos, Brooks, Burleson, Caldwell, Calhoun, Cameron, Camp, Cass, Chambers, Cherokee, Colorado, Comal, De Witt, Dimmit, Duval, Falls, Fayette, Fort Bend, Franklin, Freestone, Frio, Galveston, Goliad, Gonzales, Gregg, Grimes, Guadalupe, Hardin, Harris, Harrison, Hays, Henderson, Hidalgo, Hopkins, Houston, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jim Hogg, Jim Wells, Karnes, Kaufman, Kennedy, Kinney, Kleberg, La Salle, Lavaca, Lee, Leon, Liberty, Limestone, Live Oak, Madison, Marion, Matagorda, Maverick, McMullen, Medina, Milam, Montgomery, Morris, Nacogdoches, Navarro, Newton, Nueces, Orange, Panola, Polk, Rains, Refugio, Robertson, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, San Jacinto, San Patricio, Shelby, Smith, Starr, Titus, Travis, Trinity, Tyler, Upshur, Uvalde, Val Verde, Van Zandt, Victoria, Walker, Waller, Washington, Webb, Wharton, Willacy, Williamson, Wilson, Wood, Zapata, Zavala. Baldwin, Barbour, Bullock, Butler, Choctaw, Clarke, Coffee, Conecuh, Covington, Crenshaw, Dale, Escambia, Geneva, Henry, Houston, Lowndes, Marengo, Mobile, Monroe, Montgomery, Pike, Washington, Wilcox. All counties and locations within the State of Florida. Appling, Atkinson, Bacon, Baker, Ben Hill, Berrien, Brantley, Brooks, Bryan, Calhoun, Camden, Charlton, Chatham, Clay, Clinch, Coffee, Colquitt, Cook, Crisp, Decatur, Dougherty, Early, Echols, Effingham, Evans, Glynn, Wayne, Grady, Irwin, Jeff Davis, Lanier, Lee, Liberty, Long, Lowndes, McIntosh, Miller, Mitchell, Pierce, Quitman, Randolph, Seminole, Tattnall, Terrell, Thomas, Tift, Turner, Ware, Worth. All counties and locations within the State of Hawaii. All counties and locations within the State of Louisiana. Adams, Amite, Claiborne, Clarke, Copiah, Covington, Forrest, Franklin, George, Greene, Hancock, Harrison, Hinds, Issaquena, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jefferson Davis, Jones, Lamar, Lawrence, Lincoln, Marion, Pearl River, Perry, Pike, Rankin, Simpson, Smith, Stone, Walthall, Warren, Wayne, Wilkinson. Brunswick, Carteret, Columbus, New Hanover, Onslow, Pender. Jasper, Beaufort, Colleton, Dorchester, Charleston, Berkeley, Georgetown, Horry. Anderson, Angelina, Aransas, Atascosa, Austin, Bastrop, Bee, Bexar, Brazoria, Brazos, Brooks, Burleson, Caldwell, Calhoun, Cameron, Camp, Cass, Chambers, Cherokee, Colorado, Comal, De Witt, Dimmit, Duval, Falls, Fayette, Fort Bend, Franklin, Freestone, Frio, Galveston, Goliad, Gonzales, Gregg, Grimes, Guadalupe, Hardin, Harris, Harrison, Hays, Henderson, Hidalgo, Hopkins, Houston, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jim Hogg, Jim Wells, Karnes, Kaufman, Kennedy, Kinney, Kleberg, La Salle, Lavaca, Lee, Leon, Liberty, Limestone, Live Oak, Madison, Marion, Matagorda, Maverick, McMullen, Medina, Milam, Montgomery, Morris, Nacogdoches, Navarro, Newton, Nueces, Orange, Panola, Polk, Rains, Refugio, Robertson, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, San Jacinto, San Patricio, Shelby, Smith, Starr, Titus, Travis, Trinity, Tyler, Upshur, Uvalde, Val Verde, Van Zandt, Victoria, Walker, Waller, Washington, Webb, Wharton, Willacy, Williamson, Wilson, Wood, Zapata, Zavala. (c) Liquid applied vapor retarders. Each liquid applied vapor retarder must be tested by a nationally recognized testing agency for use on the specific substrate to which it is applied. The test report must include the perm rating, as measured by ASTM E96/E96M (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), and associated application rate for each specific substrate. (d) Attic or roof ventilation. (1) Attic and roof cavities shall be vented in accordance with one of the following: (i) A minimum free ventilation area of not less than 1/300 of the attic or roof cavity floor area. At least 50 percent of the required free ventilation area shall be provided by ventilators located in the upper portion of the space to be ventilated. At least 40 percent shall be provided by eave, soffit or low gable vents. The location and spacing of the vent openings and ventilators shall provide cross-ventilation to the entire attic or roof cavity space. A clear air passage space having a minimum height of 1 inch shall be provided between the top of the insulation and the roof sheathing or roof covering. Baffles or other means shall be provided where needed to insure the 1 inch height of the clear air passage space is maintained. (ii) A mechanical attic or roof ventilation system may be installed instead of providing the free ventilation area when the mechanical system provides a minimum air change rate of 0.02 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per sq. ft. of attic floor area. Intake and exhaust vents shall be located so as to provide air movement throughout space. (2) Single section manufactured homes constructed with metal roofs and having no sheathing or underlayment installed, are not required to be provided with attic or roof cavity ventilation provided that the air leakage paths from the living space to the roof cavity created by electrical outlets, electrical junctions, electrical cable penetrations, plumbing penetrations, flue pipe penetrations and exhaust vent penetrations are sealed. (3) Parallel membrane roof section of a closed cell type construction are not required to be ventilated. (4) The vents provided for ventilating attics and roof cavities shall be designed to resist entry of rain and insects." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.6.1.5,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,F,Subpart F—Thermal Protection,,§ 3280.505 Air infiltration.,HUD,,,,"(a) Envelope air infiltration. The opaque envelope shall be designed and constructed to limit air infiltration to the living area of the home. Any design, material, method or combination thereof which accomplishes this goal may be used. The goal of the infiltration control criteria is to reduce heat loss/heat gain due to infiltration as much as possible without impinging on health and comfort and within the limits of reasonable economics. (1) Envelope penetrations. Plumbing, mechanical and electrical penetrations of the pressure envelope not exempted by this part, and installations of window and door frames shall be constructed or treated to limit air infiltration. Penetrations of the pressure envelope made by electrical equipment, other than distribution panel boards and cable and conduit penetrations, are exempt from this requirement. Cable penetrations through outlet boxes are considered exempt. (2) Joints between major envelope elements. Joints not designed to limit air infiltration between wall-to-wall, wall-to-ceiling and wall-to-floor connections shall be caulked or otherwise sealed. When walls are constructed to form a pressure envelope on the outside of the wall cavity, they are deemed to meet this requirement." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.6.1.6,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,F,Subpart F—Thermal Protection,,§ 3280.506 Heat loss/heat gain.,HUD,,,"[58 FR 55009, Oct. 25, 1993; 59 FR 15113, Mar. 31, 1994; 86 FR 2521, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) The manufactured home heat loss/heat gain shall be determined by methods outlined in §§ 3280.508 and 3280.509. The Uo (Coefficient of heat transmission) value zone for which the manufactured home is acceptable and the lowest outdoor temperature to which the installed heating equipment will maintain a temperature of 70 F shall be certified as specified in § 3280.510. The Uo value zone shall be determined from the map in figure 1 to this paragraph (a). Figure 1 to Paragraph (a) (b) The overall coefficient of heat transmission (Uo) of the manufactured home for the respective zones and an indoor design temperature of 70 F, including internal and external ducts, and excluding infiltration, ventilation, and condensation control, shall not exceed the Btu/(hr.) (sq. ft.) (F) of the manufactured home envelope are as tabulated in the table to this paragraph (b): Table 1 to Paragraph (b) (c) To assure uniform heat transmission in manufactured homes, cavities in exterior walls, floors, and ceilings must be provided with thermal insulation. For insulation purposes, the fire separation wall between each single family attached manufactured home shall be considered an exterior wall (see subpart K of this part). (d) Manufactured homes designed for Uo Value Zone 3 shall be factory equipped with storm windows or insulating glass." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.6.1.7,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,F,Subpart F—Thermal Protection,,§ 3280.507 Comfort heat gain.,HUD,,,,"Information necessary to calculate the home cooling load shall be provided as specified in this part. (a) Transmission heat gains. Homes complying with this section shall meet the minimum heat loss transmission coefficients specified in § 3280.506(a)." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.6.1.8,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,F,Subpart F—Thermal Protection,,"§ 3280.508 Heat loss, heat gain and cooling load calculations.",HUD,,,"[58 FR 55011, Oct. 25, 1993, as amended at 70 FR 72047, Nov. 30, 2005]","(a) Information, values and data necessary for heat loss and heat gain determinations must be taken from the 1997 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Inch-Pound Edition, chapters 22 through 27. The following portions of those chapters are not applicable: 23.1 Steel Frame Construction 23.2 Masonry Construction 23.3 Foundations and Floor Systems 23.15 Pipes 23.17 Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment 23.18 Refrigerated Rooms and Buildings 24.18 Mechanical and Industrial Systems 25.19 Commercial Building Envelope Leakage 27.9 Calculation of Heat Loss from Crawl Spaces 23.1 Steel Frame Construction 23.2 Masonry Construction 23.3 Foundations and Floor Systems 23.15 Pipes 23.17 Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment 23.18 Refrigerated Rooms and Buildings 24.18 Mechanical and Industrial Systems 25.19 Commercial Building Envelope Leakage 27.9 Calculation of Heat Loss from Crawl Spaces (b) The calculation of the manufactured home's transmission heat loss coefficient (Uo) must be in accordance with the fundamental principles of the 1997 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Inch-Pound Edition, and, at a minimum, must address all the heat loss or heat gain considerations in a manner consistent with the calculation procedures provided in the document, Overall U-values and Heating/Cooling Loads—Manufactured Homes—February 1992-PNL 8006, HUD User No. 0005945. (c) Areas where the insulation does not fully cover a surface or is compressed shall be accounted for in the U-calculation (see § 3280.506). The effect of framing on the U-value must be included in the Uo calculation. Other low-R-value heat-flow paths (“thermal shorts”) shall be explicitly accounted for in the calculation of the transmission heat loss coefficient if in the aggregate all types of low-R-value paths amount to more than 1% of the total exterior surface area. Areas are considered low-R-value heat-flow paths if: (1) They separate conditioned and unconditioned space; and (2) They are not insulated to a level that is at least one-half the nominal insulation level of the surrounding building component. (d) High efficiency heating and cooling equipment credit. The calculated transmission heat loss coefficient (Uo) used for meeting the requirement in § 3280.506(a) may be adjusted for heating and cooling equipment above that required by the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 (NAECA) by applying the following formula: Uo adjusted = Uo standard × [1 + (0.6) (heating efficiency increase factor) + (cooling multiplier) (cooling efficiency increase factor)] where: Uo standard = Maximum Uo for Uo Zone required by § 3280.506(a) Uo adjusted = Maximum Uo standard adjusted for high efficiency HVAC equipment Heating efficiency increase factor = The increase factor in heating equipment efficiency measured by the Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE), or the Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF) for heat pumps, above that required by NAECA (indicated as “NAECA” in formula). The formula is heating efficiency increase factor = AFUE (HSPF) home − AFUE (or HSPF) NAECA divided by AFUE (HSPF) NAECA. Cooling efficiency increase factor = the increase factor in the cooling equipment efficiency measured by the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) above that required by NAECA. The formula being cooling equipment = SEER home—SEER NAECA divided by SEER NAECA. The cooling multiplier for the Uo Zone is from the following table: where: Uo standard = Maximum Uo for Uo Zone required by § 3280.506(a) Uo adjusted = Maximum Uo standard adjusted for high efficiency HVAC equipment Heating efficiency increase factor = The increase factor in heating equipment efficiency measured by the Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE), or the Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF) for heat pumps, above that required by NAECA (indicated as “NAECA” in formula). The formula is heating efficiency increase factor = AFUE (HSPF) home − AFUE (or HSPF) NAECA divided by AFUE (HSPF) NAECA. Cooling efficiency increase factor = the increase factor in the cooling equipment efficiency measured by the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) above that required by NAECA. The formula being cooling equipment = SEER home—SEER NAECA divided by SEER NAECA. The cooling multiplier for the Uo Zone is from the following table: (e) U values for any glazing (e.g., windows, skylights, and the glazed portions of any door) must be based on tests using AAMA 1503.1-1988, Voluntary Test Method for Thermal Transmittance and Condensation Resistance of Windows, Doors, and Glazed Wall Sections, or the National Fenestration Rating Council 100, 1997 Edition, Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product U-factors. In the absence of tests, manufacturers are to use the residential window U values contained in Chapter 29, Table 5 of the 1997 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Inch-Pound Edition. In the event that the classification of the window type is indeterminate, the manufacturer must use the classification that gives the higher U value. Where a composite of materials from two different product types is used, the product is to be assigned the higher U value. For the purpose of calculating U o values, storm windows are treated as an additional pane. (f) Annual energy used based compliance. As an alternative, homes may demonstrate compliance with the annual energy used implicit in the coefficient of heat transmission (Uo) requirement. The annual energy use determination must be based on generally accepted engineering practices. The general requirement is to demonstrate that the home seeking compliance approval has a projected annual energy use, including both heating and cooling, less than or equal to a similar “base case” home that meets the standard. The energy use for both homes must be calculated based on the same assumptions; including assuming the same dimensions for all boundaries between conditioned and unconditioned spaces, site characteristics, usage patterns and climate." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.6.1.9,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,F,Subpart F—Thermal Protection,,§ 3280.509 Criteria in absence of specific data.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 78 FR 73984, Dec. 9, 2013]","In the absence of specific data, for purposes of heat-loss/gain calculation, the following criteria shall be used: (a) Infiltration heat loss. In the absence of measured infiltration heat loss data, the following formula shall be used to calculate heat loss due to infiltration and intermittently operated fans exhausting to the outdoors. The perimeter calculation shall be based on the dimensions of the pressure envelope. Infiltration Heat-Loss = 0.7 (T) (ft. of perimeter), BTU/hr. where: T = 70 minus the heating system capacity certification temperature stipulated in the Heating Certificate, in F. where: T = 70 minus the heating system capacity certification temperature stipulated in the Heating Certificate, in F. (b) Framing areas. (c) Insulation compression. Insulation compressed to less than nominal thickness and loose-fill insulation in sloping cavities must have its nominal R-values reduced in compressed areas in accordance with the following table: Table to Paragraph (c)—Effect of Insulation Compression and Restriction on R -Values Note: To use this table, first compute the restricted insulation thickness as a fraction of the uncompressed (full) insulation thickness. Then look up the R -value remaining from the appropriate column (Non-uniform Restriction, Batt Non-uniform Restriction, Blown or Uniform Compression, Batt). Example: Assume a section of loose-fill ceiling insulation went from R -25 insulation at a height of 10 inches to a minimum height of 2 inches at the edge of the ceiling. The ratio of minimum to full thickness is 0.20 (2 divided by 10). Look up 0.20 (20 percent), read across to column 3 (Non-uniform Restriction, Blown), and read 50 percent. Therefore, the R -value of the loose-fill insulation over the restricted area would be R -12.5 (50 percent of 25). (a) Non-uniform restriction is that which occurs between non-parallel planes, such as in the ceiling near the eaves. (b) Uniform compression is compression between parallel planes, such as that which occurs in a wall. (d) Air supply ducts within floor cavity. Air supply ducts located within a floor cavity shall be assumed to be heating or cooling the floor cavity to living space temperatures unless the duct is structurally isolated by the framing system or thermally insulated from the rest of the floor cavity with a thermal insulation at least equal to R-4. (e) Air supply ducts within ceiling cavity. Where supply ducts are located in ceiling cavities, the influence of the duct on cavity temperatures shall be considered in calculating envelope heat loss or heat gain. (f) The supply duct loss (and/or heat gain where applicable—See § 3280.511) shall be calculated using the actual duct surface area and the actual thickness of insulation between the duct and outside of the manufactured home. If there is an air space of at least 1/2 inch between the duct and the insulation, heat loss/gain need not be calculated if the cavity in which the duct is located is assumed to be at living space temperature. The average temperature inside the supply duct, including ducts installed outside the manufactured home, shall be assumed to be 130 F for purposes of calculation of heat loss and 60 F for heat gain. (g) Return air cavities. Cavities used as return air plenums shall be considered to be at living space temperature." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.7.1.1,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,G,Subpart G—Plumbing Systems,,§ 3280.601 Scope.,HUD,,,,"Subpart G of this standard covers the plumbing materials, fixtures, and equipment installed within or on manufactured homes. It is the intent of this subpart to assure water supply, drain, waste and vent systems which permit satisfactory functioning and provide for health and safety under all conditions of normal use." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.7.1.10,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,G,Subpart G—Plumbing Systems,,§ 3280.610 Drainage systems.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 52 FR 4586, Feb. 12, 1987; 58 FR 55015, Oct. 25, 1993; 78 FR 73986, Dec. 9, 2013; 86 FR 2521, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) General. (1) Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be installed with a water seal trap (§ 3280.606(a)). (2) The drainage system shall be designed to provide an adequate circulation of air in all piping with no danger of siphonage, aspiration, or forcing of trap seals under conditions of ordinary use. (b) Materials —(1) Pipe. Drainage piping must be standard weight galvanized steel, brass, copper tube DWV, listed Scheduled 40 ABS plastic, listed Scheduled 40 PVC plastic, cast iron, or other listed or approved materials. (2) Fittings. Drainage fittings shall be recessed drainage pattern with smooth interior waterways of the same diameter as the piping and shall be of a material conforming to the type of piping used. Drainage fittings shall be designed to provide for a 1/4 inch per foot grade in horizontal piping. (i) Fittings for screw pipe shall be cast iron, malleable iron, brass, or listed plastic with standard pipe threads. (ii) Fittings for copper tubing shall be cast brass or wrought copper. (iii) Socket-type fittings for plastic piping shall comply with listed standards. (iv) Brass or bronze adaptor or wrought copper fittings shall be used to join copper tubing to threaded pipe. (c) Drain outlets. (1) General. Each manufactured home shall have only one drain outlet. (2) Clearance from drain outlet. The drain outlet shall be provided with a minimum clearance of 3 inches in any direction from all parts of the structure or appurtenances and with not less than 18 inches unrestricted clearance directly in front of the drain outlet. (3) Drain connector. The drain connector shall not be smaller than the piping to which it is connected and shall be equipped with a water-tight cap or plug matching the drain outlet. The cap or plug shall be permanently attached to the manufactured home or drain outlet. (4) Size Requirement. The drain outlet and drain connector shall not be less than 3 inches inside diameter. (5) Preassembly of drain lines. Section(s) of the drain system, designed to be located underneath the manufactured home or between stories of the manufactured home, are not required to be factory installed when the manufacturer designs the system for site assembly and also provides all materials and components, including piping, fittings, cement, supports, and instructions necessary for proper site installation. (d) Fixture connections. Drainage piping shall be provided with approved or listed inlet fittings for fixture connections, correctly located according to the size and type of fixture to be connected. (1) Water closet connection. The drain connection for each water closet shall be 3 inches minimum inside diameter and shall be fitted with an iron, brass, or listed plastic floor flange adaptor ring securely screwed, soldered or otherwise permanently attached to the drain piping, in an approved manner and securely fastened to the floor. (2) [Reserved] (e) Size of drainage piping. Fixture drains must be sized as follows: (1) Fixture drains serving a single lavatory must be a minimum of 1 1/4 inches in diameter. (2) Fixture drains serving two or three fixtures must be a minimum of 1 1/2 inches in diameter. (3) Fixture drains serving four or more fixtures that are individually vented must be a minimum of 2 inches in diameter. (4) Fixture drains for water closets must be a minimum of 3 inches in diameter. (f) Wet-vented drainage system. Plumbing fixture traps may connect into a wet-vented drainage system which shall be designed and installed to accommodate the passage of air and waste in the same pipe. (1) Horizontal piping. All parts of a wet-vented drainage system, including the connected fixture drains, shall be horizontal except for wet-vented vertical risers which shall terminate with a 1 1/2 inch minimum diameter continuous vent. Where required by structural design, wet-vented drain piping may be offset vertically when other vented fixture drains or relief vents are connected to the drain piping at or below the vertical offsets. (2) Size. A wet-vented drain pipe shall be 2 inches minimum diameter and at least one pipe size larger than the largest connected trap or fixture drain. Not more than three fixtures may connect to a 2-inch diameter wet-vented drain system. (3) Length of trap arm. Fixture traps shall be located within the distance given in § 3280.611(c)(5). Not more than one trap shall connect to a trap arm. (g) Offsets and branch fittings —(1) Changes in direction. Changes in direction of drainage piping shall be made by the appropriate use of approved or listed fittings, and shall be of the following angles: 11 1/4 , 22 1/2 , 45, 60, or 90 degrees; or other approved or listed fittings or combinations of fittings with equivalent radius or sweep. (2) Horizontal to vertical. Horizontal drainage lines, connecting with a vertical pipe shall enter through 45-degree “Y” branches, 60-degree “Y” branches, long-turn “TY” branches, sanitary “T” branches, or other approved or listed fittings or combination of fittings having equivalent sweep. Fittings having more than one branch at the same level shall not be used, unless the fitting is constructed so that the discharge from any one branch cannot readily enter any other branch. However, a double sanitary “T” may be used when the drain line is increased not less than two pipe sizes. (3) Horizontal to horizontal and vertical to horizontal. Horizontal drainage lines connecting with other horizontal drainage lines or vertical drainage lines connected with horizontal drainage lines shall enter through 45-degree “Y” branches, long-turn “TY” branches, or other approved or listed fittings or combination of fittings having equivalent sweep. (h) Grade of horizontal drainage piping. Except for fixture connections on the inlet side of the trap, horizontal drainage piping shall be run in practical alignment and have a uniform grade of not less than 1/4 inch per foot toward the manufactured home drain outlet. Where it is impractical, due to the structural features or arrangement of any manufactured home, to obtain a grade of 1/4 inch per foot, the pipe or piping may have a grade of not less than 1/8 inch per foot, when a full size cleanout is installed at the upper end." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.7.1.11,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,G,Subpart G—Plumbing Systems,,§ 3280.611 Vents and venting.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975, as amended at 42 FR 961, Jan. 4, 1977. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 58 FR 55015, Oct. 25, 1993; 78 FR 73986, Dec. 9, 2013; 86 FR 2521, Jan. 12, 2021; 89 FR 75753, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) General. Each plumbing fixture trap shall be protected against siphonage and back pressure, and air circulation shall be ensured throughout all parts of the drainage system by means of vents installed in accordance with the requirements of this section and as otherwise required by this standard. (b) Materials —(1) Pipe. Vent piping must be standard weight galvanized steel, brass, copper tube DWV, listed Scheduled 40 ABS plastic, listed Scheduled 40 PVC plastic, cast iron, or other listed or approved materials. (2) Fittings. Appropriate fittings shall be used for all changes in direction or size and where pipes are joined. The material and design of vent fittings shall conform to the type of piping used. (i) Fittings for screw pipe shall be cast iron, malleable iron, plastic, or brass, with standard pipe threads. (ii) Fittings for copper tubing shall be cast brass or wrought copper. (iii) Fittings for plastic piping shall be made to approved applicable standards. (iv) Brass adaptor fittings or wrought copper shall be used to join copper tubing to threaded pipe. (v) Listed rectangular tubing may be used for vent piping only providing it has an open cross section at least equal to the circular vent pipe required. Listed transition fittings shall be used. (c) Size of vent piping —(1) Main vent. The drain piping for each toilet shall be vented by a 1 1/2 inch minimum diameter vent or rectangular vent of venting cross section equivalent to or greater than the venting cross section of a 1 1/2 inch diameter vent, connected to the toilet drain by one of the following methods: (i) A 1 1/2 inch diameter (min.) individual vent pipe or equivalent directly connected to the toilet drain within the distance allowed in § 3280.611(c)(5), for 3-inch trap arms undiminished in size through the roof; (ii) A 1 1/2 -inch diameter (min.) continuous vent or equivalent, indirectly connected to the toilet drain piping within the distance allowed in paragraph (c)(5) of this section for 3 inch trap arms through a 2-inch wet vented drain that carries the waste of not more than one fixture. Sections of the wet vented drain that are 3 inches in diameter are permitted to carry the waste of an unlimited number of fixtures; or (iii) Two or more vented drains when at least one is wet-vented, or 2-inch diameter (minimum), and each drain is separately connected to the toilet drain. At least one of the drains shall connect within the distance allowed in § 3280.611(c)(5) for 3-inch trap arms. (2) Vent pipe areas. Each individually vented fixture with a 1 1/2 inch or smaller trap shall be provided with a vent pipe equivalent in area to a 1 1/4 inch nominal pipe size. The main vent, toilet vent and relief vent, and the continuous vent of wet-vented systems shall have an area equivalent to 1 1/2 inch nominal pipe size. (3) Common vent. When two fixture traps located within the distance allowed from their vent have their trap arms connected separately at the same level into an approved double fitting, an individual vent pipe may serve as a common vent without any increase in size. (4) Intersecting vents. Where two or more vent pipes are joined together, no increase in size shall be required; however, the largest vent pipe shall extend full size through the roof. (5) The distance of the fixture trap from the vent must not exceed the values given in the following table: Table 1 to Paragraph (c)(5) —Maximum Distance of Fixtures From Vent Trap (d) Mechanical Vents. Where mechanical vents are used as a secondary vent system for plumbing fixtures that are protected by traps, the mechanical vents must comply with paragraphs (d)(1) or (2) of this section. (1) Spring-operated mechanical (anti-siphon) vents must comply with the following: (i) No more than two fixtures individually protected by the spring-operated mechanical vent may be drained by a common 1 1/2 inch diameter drain. (ii) The drain size for three or more fixtures individually protected by a spring-operated mechanical vent must be at least 2 inches in diameter. (iii) Spring-operated mechanical vents are restricted to venting fixtures with 1 1/2 inch traps. (iv) A spring-operated mechanical vent must be installed in a location that allows a free flow of air and is accessible for inspection, maintenance, and replacement. The sealing function must be at least 6 inches above the top of the trap arm. (v) Materials for the spring-operated mechanical vents must be as follows: (A) Cap and housing must be listed acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, DWV grade; (B) Stem must be DWV grade nylon or acetal; (C) Spring must be stainless steel wire, Type 302; and (D) Sealing disc must be either: ( 1 ) Neoprene, conforming to CISPI-HSN-85, Specification for Neoprene Rubber Gaskets for HUB and Spigot Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), and to ASTM C564-97, Standard Specification for Rubber Gaskets for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4); or ( 2 ) Other material, conforming to ASTM C920-02, Standard Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), and to ASTM D4635-01, Standard Specification for Polyethylene Films Made from Low-Density Polyethylene for General Use and Packaging Applications (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (2) Gravity-operated mechanical (air admittance valves) vents must comply with the following: (i) Where installed to vent any fixture, the drain system must have a minimum 1 1/2 inch diameter vent that terminates outside the manufactured home. (ii) Where gravity-operated mechanical vent devices terminate in the attic cavity, the following requirements must be met: (A) The attic cavity must be accessible; (B) The sealing device must be installed a minimum of 6 inches above the insulation materials; and (C) The attic must be vented in accordance with § 3280.504(c)(1)(i); (3) Mechanical vents must be installed in accordance with the vent manufacturer's instructions. (e) Grade and connections —(1) Horizontal vents. Each vent shall extend vertically from its fixture “T” or point of connection with the waste piping to a point not less than 6 inches above the extreme flood level of the fixture it is venting before offsetting horizontally or being connected with any other vent pipe. Vents for horizontal drains shall connect above the centerline of the drain piping ahead (downstream) of the trap. Where required by structural conditions, vent piping may offset below the rim of the fixture at the maximum angle or height possible. (f) Vent terminal. Vents must terminate through the roof or wall, or to a mechanical vent device in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section. (1) Roof extension. Each vent pipe must extend through its flashing and terminate vertically. Vents that extend through the roof must extend undiminished in size, not less than 2 inches above the roof. Vent openings must be at least 3 feet away from any motor-driven air intake that opens into any habitable area. (2) Wall extensions. Extensions through exterior walls must terminate downward, have a screen to prevent entrance of birds and rodents, and be located as follows: (i) Extensions must not be located beneath a door, window, or other opening; (ii) Extensions must be a minimum of 10 feet above the finished floor; (iii) Extensions must be located a minimum of 2 feet above any building opening that is within 10 feet horizontally of any extension; and (iv) Extensions must not terminate under an overhang with soffit vents. (3) Flashing. The opening around each vent pipe shall be made watertight by an adequate flashing or flashing material. (g) Vent caps. Vent caps, if provided, shall be of the removable type (without removing the flashing from the roof). When vent caps are used for roof space ventilation and the caps are identical to vent caps used for the plumbing system, plumbing system caps shall be identified with permanent markings." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.7.1.12,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,G,Subpart G—Plumbing Systems,,§ 3280.612 Tests and inspection.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975, as amended at 42 FR 961, Jan. 4, 1977; 42 FR 54383, Oct. 5, 1977. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 58 FR 55015, Oct. 25, 1993; 86 FR 2521, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) Water system. All water piping in the water distribution system must be subjected to a pressure test. The test must be made by subjecting the system to air or water at 80 psi + or − 5 psi for 15 minutes without loss of pressure. The water used for the test must be obtained from a potable water source. (b) Drainage and vent system and plumbing fixtures. The waste and vent system shall be tested by one of the three following alternate methods for evidence or indication of leakage: (1) Water test. Before plumbing fixtures are connected, all of the openings into the piping shall be plugged and the entire piping system subjected to a static water test for 15 minutes by filling it with water to the top of the highest vent opening. There shall be no evidence of leakage. (2) Air test. After all fixtures have been installed, the traps filled with water, and the remaining openings securely plugged, the entire system shall be subjected to a 2-inch (manometer) water column air pressure test. If the system loses pressure, leaks may be located with smoke pumped into the system, or with soap suds spread on the exterior of the piping (Bubble test). (3) Flood level test. The manufactured home shall be in a level position, all fixtures shall be connected, and the entire system shall be filled with water to the rim of the water closet bowl. (Tub and shower drains shall be plugged). After all trapped air has been released, the test shall be sustained for not less than 15 minutes without evidence of leaks. Then the system shall be unplugged and emptied. The waste piping above the level of the water closet bowl shall then be tested and show no indication of leakage when the high fixtures are filled with water and emptied simultaneously to obtain the maximum possible flow in the drain piping. (c) Fixture test. The plumbing fixtures and connections shall be subjected to a flow test by filling them with water and checking for leaks and retarded flow while they are being emptied. (d) Shower compartments. Shower compartments and receptors shall be tested for leaks prior to being covered by finish material. Each pan shall be filled with water to the top of the dam for not less than 15 minutes without evidence of leakage." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.7.1.2,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,G,Subpart G—Plumbing Systems,,§ 3280.602 Definitions.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 52 FR 4584, Feb. 12, 1987; 52 FR 47553, Dec. 15, 1987; 58 FR 55012, Oct. 25, 1993; 78 FR 73984, Dec. 9, 2013' 86 FR 2521, Jan. 12, 2021]","The following definitions are applicable to subpart G only: Accessible, when applied to a fixture, connection, appliance or equipment, means having access thereto, but which may require removal of an access panel or opening of a door. Air gap (water distribution system) means the unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet supplying water to a tank, plumbing fixture, water supplied appliances, or other device and the flood level rim of the receptacle. Backflow means the flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water from any source or sources other than its intended sources. Backflow connection means any arrangement whereby backflow can occur. Backflow preventer means a device or means to prevent backflow. Branch means any part of the piping system other than a riser, main or stack. Common vent means a vent connecting at the junction of fixture drains and serving as a vent for more than one fixture. Continuous vent means a vertical vent that is a continuation of the drain to which it connects. Continuous waste means a drain from two or more fixtures connected to a single trap. Critical level means a point established by the testing laboratory (usually stamped on the device by the manufacturer) which determines the minimum elevation above the flood level rim of the fixture or receptacle served on which the device may be installed. When a backflow prevention device does not bear a critical level marking, the bottom of the vacuum breaker, combination valve, or of any such approved or listed device shall constitute the critical level. Cross connection means any physical connection or arrangement between two otherwise separate systems or sources, one of which contains potable water and the other either water, steam, gas or chemical of unknown or questionable safety whereby there may be a flow from one system or source to the other, the direction of flow depending on the pressure differential between the two systems. Developed length means that length of pipe measured along the center line of the pipe and fittings. Diameter, unless otherwise specifically stated, means the nominal (inside) diameter designated commercially. Drain means a pipe that carries waste, water, or water-borne waste in a drainage system. Drain connector means the removable extension, consisting of all pipes, fittings and appurtenances, from the drain outlet to the drain inlet serving the manufactured home. Drain outlet means the lowest end of the main or secondary drain to which a sewer connection is made. Drainage system means all piping within or attached to the structure that conveys sewage or other liquid waste to the drain outlet, not including the drain connector. Fixture drain means the drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of that drain with any other drain pipe. Fixture supply means the water supply pipe connecting a fixture to a branch water supply pipe or directly to a main water supply pipe. Flood-level means the level in the receptacle over which water would overflow to the outside of the receptacle. Flooded means the condition which results when the liquid in a container or receptacle rises to the flood-level. Flush tank means that portion of a water closet that is designed to contain sufficient water to adequately flush the fixture. Flush valve means a device located at the bottom of a flush tank for flushing a water closet. Flushometer tank: means a device integrated within an air accumulator vessel which is designed to discharge a predetermined quantity of water to fixtures for flushing purposes. Flushometer valve means a device which discharges a predetermined quantity of water to a fixture for flushing purposes and is closed by direct water pressure. Grade means the fall (slope) of a pipe in reference to a horizontal plane expressed in inches per foot length. Horizontal branch means any pipe extending laterally, which receives the discharge from one or more fixture drains and connects to the main drain. Horizontal pipe means any pipe or fitting which makes an angle of not more than 45 degrees with the horizontal. Indirect waste receptor means a receptor that receives a discharge waste pipe that is not directly connected to a receptor but maintains a suitable air gap between the end of the pipe and the top of the drain. Individual vent means a pipe installed to vent a fixture drain. Inlet coupling means the terminal end of the water system to which the water service connection is attached. It may be a swivel fitting or threaded pipe end. Main means the principal artery of the system to which branches may be connected. Main drain means the lowest pipe of a drainage system which receives sewage from all the fixtures within a manufactured home and conducts these wastes to the drain outlet. Main vent means the principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches may be connected. Mechanical trap vent device means a device that automatically opens to admit air to a fixture drain above the connection of the trap arm so as to prevent siphonage, and closes tightly when the pressure within the drainage system is equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure, so as to prevent the escape of gases from the drainage system into the manufactured home. Offset means a combination of pipe and/or fittings that brings one section of the pipe out of line but into a line parallel with the other section. Pitch. See Grade. Plumbing appliance: means any one of a special class of plumbing fixture which is intended to perform a special plumbing function. Its operation and/or control may be dependent upon one or more energized components, such as motors, control, heating elements, or pressure or temperature-sensing elements. Such fixture may operate automatically through one or more of the following actions: A time cycle, a temperature range, a pressure range, a measured volume or weight, or the fixture may be manually adjusted or controlled by the user or operator. Plumbing appurtenance: means a manufactured device, or a prefabricated assembly, or an on-the-job assembly of component parts, and which is an adjunct to the basic piping system and plumbing system and plumbing fixtures. An appurtenance demands no additional water supply, nor does it add any discharge load to a fixture or the drainage system. Plumbing fixtures means receptacles, devices, or appliances which are supplied with water or which receive liquid or liquid-borne wastes for discharge into the drainage system. Plumbing system means the water supply and distribution pipes; plumbing fixtures, faucets and traps; soil, waste and vent pipes; and water-treating or water-using equipment. Primary vent. See main vent. Relief vent means an auxiliary vent which permits additional circulation of air in or between drainage and vent systems. Secondary vent means any vent other than the main vent or those serving each toilet. Sewage means any liquid waste containing animal or vegetable matter in suspension or solution, and may include liquids containing chemicals in solution. Siphonage means the loss of water seal from fixture traps resulting from partial vacuum in the drainage system which may be of either of the following two types, or a combination of the two: (a) Self-siphonage resulting from vacuum in a fixture drain generated solely by the discharge of the fixture served by that drain, or, (b) Induced siphonage resulting from vacuum in the drainage system generated by the discharge of one or more fixtures other than the one under observation. Trap means a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide a liquid seal that will prevent the back passage of air without materially affecting the flow of liquid waste through it. Trap arm means the portion of a fixture drain between a trap and its vent. Trap seal means the vertical depth of liquid that a trap will retain. Vacuum breaker. See backflow preventer. Vent cap means the device or fitting which protects the vent pipe from foreign substance with an opening to the atmosphere equal to the area of the vent it serves. Vent system means that part of a piping installation which provides circulation of air within a drainage system. Vertical pipe means any pipe or fitting which makes an angle of not more than 45 degrees with the vertical. Water closet drain means that part of the drainage piping which receives the discharge from each individual water closet. Water connection means the fitting or point of connection for the manufactured home water distribution system designed for connection to a water supply. Water connector means the removable extension connecting the manufactured home water distribution system to the water supply. Water distribution system means potable water piping within or permanently attached to the manufactured home. Wet vent means a vent which also serves as a drain for one or more fixtures. Wet vented drainage system means the specially designed system of drain piping that also vents one or more plumbing fixtures by means of a common waste and vent pipe. Whirlpool bathtub means a plumbing appliance consisting of a bathtub fixture which is equipped and fitted with a circulation piping system, pump, and other appurtenances and is so designed to accept, circulate, and discharge bathtub water upon each use." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.7.1.3,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,G,Subpart G—Plumbing Systems,,§ 3280.603 General requirements.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975, as amended at 42 FR 54383, Oct. 5, 1977. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 58 FR 55012, Oct. 25, 1993; 78 FR 73985, Dec. 9, 2013; 89 FR 75751, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Minimum requirements. Any plumbing system installed in a manufactured home shall conform, at least, with the provisions of this subpart. (1) General. The plumbing system shall be of durable material, free from defective workmanship, and so designed and constructed as to give satisfactory service for a reasonable life expectancy. (2) Conservation. Each water closet must not use more than 1.6 gallons of water per flush. (3) Connection to drainage system. All plumbing, fixtures, drains, appurtenances, and appliances designed or used to receive or discharge liquid waste or sewage shall be connected to the manufactured home drainage system in a manner provided by this standard. (4) Workmanship. All design, construction, and workmanship shall be in conformance with accepted engineering practices and shall be of such character as to secure the results sought to be obtained by this standard. (5) Components. Plumbing materials, devices, fixtures, fittings, equipment, appliances, appurtenance, and accessories intended for use in or attached to a manufactured home shall conform to one of the applicable standards referenced in § 3280.604. Where an applicable standard is not referenced, or an alternative recognized standard is utilized, the plumbing component shall be listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency or other qualified organization as suitable for the intended use. (6) Prohibited fittings and practices. (i) Drainage or vent piping shall not be drilled and tapped for the purpose of making connections. (ii) Except as specifically provided elsewhere in this standard, vent pipes shall not be used as waste or drain pipes. (iii) Fittings, connections, devices, or methods of installation that obstruct or retard the flow of sewage, or air in the drainage or venting systems in an amount greater than the normal frictional resistance to flow shall not be used unless their use is acceptable in this standard or their use is accepted as having a desirable and acceptable function of ultimate benefit to the proper and continued functioning of the plumbing system. (iv) Cracks, holes, or other imperfections in materials shall not be concealed by welding, brazing, or soldering or by paint, wax, tar, or other leak-sealing or repairing agents. (v) Piping, fixtures or equipment shall be located so as not to interfere with the normal use or with the normal operation and use of windows, doors or other required facilities. (vi) Galvanized pipe shall not be bent or welded. (7) Alignment of fittings. All valves, pipes, and fittings shall be installed in correct relationship to the direction of flow. (b) Protective requirements. (1) Cutting structural members. Structural members shall not be unnecessarily or carelessly weakened by cutting or notching. (2) Exposed piping. All piping, pipe threads, hangers, and support exposed to the weather, water, mud, and road hazard, and subject to damage therefrom, shall be painted, coated, wrapped, or otherwise protected from deterioration. (3) Road damage. Pipes, supports, drains, outlets, or drain hoses shall not extend or protrude in a manner where they could be unduly subjected to damage during transit. (4) Freezing. All piping and fixtures subject to freezing temperatures shall be insulated or protected to prevent freezing, under normal occupancy. The manufacturer shall provide: (i) Written installation instructions for the method(s) required for compliance to this section; (ii) A statement in the installation instructions required by § 3280.306(b), stating that if the heat tape or pipe heating cable is used, it must be listed or certified for its intended purpose. (iii) A receptacle outlet complying with § 3280.806(d)(10). (5) All piping, except the fixture trap, shall be designed to allow drainage. (6) Rodent resistance. All exterior openings around piping and equipment shall be sealed to resist the entrance of rodents. (7) Piping and electrical wiring shall not pass through the same holes in walls, floors or roofs. Plastic piping shall not be exposed to heat in excess of manufacturers recommendation or radiation from heat producing appliances." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.7.1.4,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,G,Subpart G—Plumbing Systems,,§ 3280.604 Materials.,HUD,,,"[58 FR 55013, Oct. 25, 1993, as amended at 70 FR 72048, Nov. 30, 2005; 78 FR 73985, Dec. 9, 2013; 79 FR 31863, June 3, 2014; 89 FR 75751, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Minimum standards. Materials, devices, fixtures, fittings, equipment, appliances, appurtenances and accessories shall conform to one of the standards listed in this section (all incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and be free from defects. Where an appropriate standard is not listed in this section or a standard not listed is preferred, the item may be used if it is listed. A listing is also required when so specified in other sections of this subpart. (b) Compliance when there is more than one listed standard. Where more than one standard is referenced for a particular material or component, compliance with only one of those standards is acceptable. Exceptions: (1) When one of the reference standards requires evaluation of chemical, toxicity or odor properties which are not included in the other standard, then conformance to the applicable requirements of each standard shall be demonstrated; or (2) When a plastic material or component is not covered by the standards in this section, it must be certified as non-toxic in accordance with Drinking water system components-Health effects—ANSI/NSF 61 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (c) List of standards. Standards for some of the generally used materials and methods of construction are listed as following: (1) Ferrous pipe and fittings. (i) Gray Iron Threaded Fittings—ANSI/ASME B16.4. (ii) Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings—ANSI/ASME B16.3. (iii) Material and Property Standard for Special Cast Iron Fittings—IAPMO PS 5. (iv) Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe—ANSI/ASME B36.10. (v) Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless—ASTM A53/A53M. (vi) Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)—ANSI/ASME B1.20.1. (vii) Standard Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings—ASTM A74. (viii) Standard Specification for Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping Applications—CISPI-301. (2) Nonferrous pipe and fittings. (i) Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, Standard Sizes—ASTM B42. (ii) Standard Specification for General Requirements for Wrought Seamless Copper and Copper-Alloy Tube—ASTM B251. (iii) Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube—ASTM B88. (iv) Standard Specification for Copper Drainage Tube (DWV)—ASTM B306. (v) Wrought-Copper and Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Pressure Fitting—ASME/ANSI B16.22. (vi) Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Drainage Fittings-DWV—ASME/ANSI B16.29. (vii) Cast Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Pressure Fittings—ANSI B16.18. (viii) Cast Copper Alloy Solder-Joint Drainage Fittings-DWV—ASME B16.23. (ix) Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes—ASME/ANSI B16.26. (x) Standard Specification for Seamless Red Brass Pipe, Standard Sizes—ASTM B43. (xi) Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250—ANSI/ASME B16.15. (3) Plastic pipe and fittings. (i) Standard Specification Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40 Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings—ASTM D2661. (ii) Standard Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings—ASTM D2665. (iii) Standard Specification for Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV) Plastic Fittings Patterns—ASTM D3311. (iv) Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Schedule 40, Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe with a Cellular Core—ASTM F628. (v) Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems—ASTM D2846. (vi) Standard Specification for Polybutylene (PB) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems—ASTM D3309. (vii) Plastic Piping Components and Related Materials—ANSI/NSF 14. (viii) Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing—ASTM F876. (ix) Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems—ASTM F877. (4) Miscellaneous. (i) Standard Specification for Rubber Gaskets for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings, ASTM C564. (ii) Backflow Valves—ANSI A112.14.1. (iii) Plumbing Fixture Setting Compound—TTP 1536A. (iv) Material and Property Standard for Cast Brass and Tubing P-Traps—IAPMO PS 2. (v) Relief Valves for Hot Water Supply Systems—ANSI Z21.22. (vi) Standard Specification for Solvent Cement for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastic Pipe and Fittings—ASTM D2235. (vii) Standard Specification for Solvent Cements for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Piping Systems—ASTM D2564. (viii) Specification for Neoprene Rubber Gaskets for HUB and Spigot Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings—CISPI-HSN. (ix) Plumbing System Components for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles—ANSI/NSF 24. (x) Material and Property Standard for Diversion Tees and Twin Waste Elbow—IAPMO PS 9. (xi) Material and Property Standard for Flexible Metallic Water Connectors—IAPMO PS 14. (xii) Material and Property Standard for Dishwasher Drain Airgaps—IAPMO PS 23. (xiii) Material and Property Standards for Backflow Prevention Assemblies—IAPMO PS 31. (xiv) Performance Requirements for Air Admittance Valves for Plumbing Drainage Systems, Fixture and Branch Devices—ASSE 1051. (xv) Drinking Water System Components-Health Effects—ANSI/NSF 61. (5) Plumbing fixtures. (i) Plumbing Fixtures (General Specifications)—FS WW-P-541E/GEN. (ii) Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures—ANSI/ASME A112.19.2(M). (iii) Enameled Cast Iron Plumbing Fixtures—ANSI/ASME A112.19.1M. (iv) Porcelain Enameled Formed Steel Plumbing Fixtures—ANSI/ASME A112.19.4(M). (v) Plastic Bathtub Units with Addenda Z124.1a and Z124.1b—ANSI Z124.1. (vi) Standard for Porcelain Enameled Formed Steel Plumbing Fixtures—IAPMO TSC 22. (vii) Plastic Shower Receptors and Shower Stalls with Addendum Z124.2a—ANSI Z124.2. (viii) Stainless Steel Plumbing Fixtures (Designed for Residential Use)—ANSI/ASME A112.19.3M. (ix) Material and Property Standard for Drains for Prefabricated and Precast Showers—IAPMO PS 4. (x) Plastic Lavatories with Addendum Z124.3a—ANSI Z124.3. (xi) Standard for Safety Glazing Materials used in Buildings—Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test—ANSI Z97.1. (xii) Water Heater Relief Valve Drain Tubes—ASME A112.4.1. (xiii) Flexible Water Connectors—ASME A112.18.6. (xiv) Performance Requirements for Backflow Protection Devices and Systems in Plumbing Fixture Fittings—ASME A112.18.3M. (xv) Non-Vitreous Ceramic Plumbing Fixtures—ASME A112.19.9M. (xvi) Dual Flush Devices for Water Closets—ASME A119.19.10. (xvii) Deck Mounted Bath/Shower Transfer Valves with Integral Backflow Protection—ASME A112.18.7. (xviii) Plastic Fittings for Connecting Water Closets to the Sanitary Drainage System—ASME A112.4.3. (xix) Hydraulic Performance Requirements for Water Closets and Urinals—ASME A112.19.6. (xx) Plumbing Fixture Fittings—ASME/ANSI A112.18.1M. (xxi) Trim for Water Closet, Bowls, Tanks, and Urinals—ANSI A112.19.5. (xxii) Plastic Water Closets, Bowls, and Tanks with Addenda Z124.4a—ANSI Z124.4. (xxiii) Plastic Toilet (Water Closets) Seats—ANSI Z124.5. (xxiv) Prefabricated Plastic Spa Shells—ANSI Z124.7. (xxv) Whirlpool Bathtub Appliances—ASME/ANSI A112.19.7M. (xxvi) Plastic Urinal Fixtures—ANSI Z-124.9. (xxvii) Performance Requirements for Automatic Compensating Values for Individual Shower and Tub/Shower Combinations—ASSE 1016. (xxviii) Performance Requirements for Pressurized Flushing Devices (Flushometers) for Plumbing Fixtures—ASSE 1037. (xxix) Performance Requirements for Water Closet Flush Tank Fill Valves (Ballcocks)—ASSE 1002. (xxx) Performance Requirements for Hand-held Showers—ASSE 1014. (xxxi) Hydrants for Utility and Maintenance Use—ANSI/ASME A112.21.3M. (xxxii) Performance Requirements for Home Laundry Equipment—ASSE 1007. (xxxiii) Performance Requirements for Hot Water Dispensers, Household Storage Type Electrical—ASSE 1023. (xxxiv) Plumbing Requirements for Residential Use (Household) Dishwashers—ASSE 1006. (xxxv) Performance Requirements for Household Food Waste Disposer Units—ASSE 1008. (xxxvi) Performance Requirements for Temperature Activated Mixing Valves for Primary Domestic Use—ASSE 1017. (xxxv) Water Hammer Arresters—ANSI A112.26.1. (xxxvi) Suction Fittings for Use in Swimming Pools, Wading Pools, Spas, Hot Tubs, and Whirlpool Bathtub Appliances—ASME/ANSI A112.19.8M. (xxxvii) Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems—ASME A112.1.2. (xxxviii) Performance Requirements for Diverters for Plumbing Faucets with Hose Spray, Anti-Siphon Type, Residential Applications—ASSE 1025. (xxxix) Performance Requirements for Pipe Applied Atmospheric Type Vacuum Breakers—ASSE 1001. (xl) Performance Requirements for Hose Connection Vacuum Breakers—ASSE 1011. (xli) Performance Requirements for Wall Hydrants, Frost Proof Automatic Draining, Anti-Backflow Types—ANSI/ASSE 1019. (xlii) Performance Requirements for Automatic Compensating Values for Individual Shower and Tub/Shower Combinations—ASSE 1016. (xliii) Performance Requirements for Water Temperature Limiting Devices—ASSE 1070." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.7.1.5,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,G,Subpart G—Plumbing Systems,,§ 3280.605 Joints and connections.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 53 FR 23611, June 23, 1988; 78 FR 73985, Dec. 9, 2013]","(a) Tightness. Joints and connections in the plumbing system shall be gastight and watertight for the pressures required under testing procedures. (b) Assembling of pipe. All joints and connections shall be correctly assembled for tightness. Pipe threads shall be fully engaged with the threads of the fitting. Plastic pipe and copper tubing shall be inserted to the full depth of the solder cup or welding sockets of each fitting. Pipe threads and slip joints shall not be wrapped with string, paper, putty, or similar fillers. (c) Threaded joints. Threads for screw pipe and fittings shall conform to the approved or listed standard. Pipe ends shall be reamed out to size of bore. All burrs, chips, cutting oil and foreign matter shall be removed. Pipe joint cement or thread lubricant shall be of approved type and applied to male threads only. (d) Solder joints. Solder joints for tubing shall be made with approved or listed solder type fittings. Surfaces to be soldered shall be cleaned bright. The joints shall be properly fluxed with noncorrosive paste type flux and, for manufactured homes to be connected to a public water system, made with solder having not more than 0.2 percent lead. (e) Plastic pipe, fittings and joints. Plastic pipe and fittings shall be joined by installation methods recommended by the manufacturer or in accordance with the provisions of a recognized, approved, or listed standard. (f) Union joints. Metal unions in water piping shall have metal-to-metal ground seats. (g) Flared joints. Flared joints for soft-copper water tubing shall be made with approved or listed fittings. The tubing shall be expanded with a proper flaring tool. (h) Cast iron soil pipe joints. Approved or listed cast iron pipe may be joined as follows: (1) Approved or listed hub-less pipe and fittings must be permitted to be joined with listed couplings or adapters, per the manufacturer's recommendations. (2) Hub and plain-end soil pipe may be joined by compression fittings per the manufacturer's recommendation." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.7.1.6,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,G,Subpart G—Plumbing Systems,,§ 3280.606 Traps and cleanouts.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 58 FR 55014, Oct. 25, 1993; 78 FR 73985, Dec. 9, 2013]","(a) Traps —(1) Traps required. Each plumbing fixture, except listed toilets, shall be separately trapped by approved water seal “P” traps. All traps shall be effectively vented. (2) Combination Fixtures. For the purposes of drainage and ventilation requirements, a two- or three-compartment sink, up to three single sinks, or up to three lavatories may be connected to one “P” trap and considered as a single fixture, so long as the sinks and lavatories are in the same room, have waste outlets not more than 30 inches apart, and have flood level rims at the same level. The “P” trap must be installed at the center fixture when three such fixtures are installed. (3) Prohibited traps. A trap which depends for its seal upon concealed interior partitions shall not be used. Full “S” traps, bell traps, drum traps, crown-vented traps, and running traps are prohibited. Fixtures shall not be double-trapped. (4) Material and design. Each trap shall be self-cleaning with a smooth and uniform interior waterway. Traps shall be manufactured of cast iron, cast brass, or drawn brass tubing of not less than No. 20 Brown and Sharpe gage, or approved or listed plastic, or other approved or listed material. Union joints for a trap shall be beaded to provide a shoulder for the union nut. Each trap shall have the manufacturer's name stamped or cast in the body of the trap, and each tubing trap shall show the gage of the tubing. (5) Trap seal. Each “P” trap shall have a water seal of not less than 2 inches and not more than 4 inches and shall be set true to its seal. (6) Size. Traps shall be not less than 1 1/4 inches in diameter. A trap shall not be larger than the waste pipe to which it is connected. (7) Location. Each trap shall be located as close to its vent and to its fixture outlet as structural conditions will permit. (8) Length of tailpiece. The vertical distance from a trap to the fixture outlet shall not exceed 24 inches. (9) Installation. (i) Grade of trap arm. The piping between a “P” trap and the fixture tee or the vented waste line shall be graded 1/4 inch per foot towards the vent and in no event shall have a slope greater than its diameter. The vent opening at fixture tees shall not be below the weir of the “P” trap outlet. (ii) Trap arm offset. The piping between the “P” trap and vent may change direction or be offset horizontally with the equivalent of no more than 180 degrees total change in direction with a maximum of 90 degrees by any one fitting. (iii) Concealed traps. Traps with mechanical joints shall be accessible for repair and inspection. (iv) Removability of traps, etc. Traps shall be designed and installed so the “U” bend is removable without removing the strainers from the fixture. Continuous waste and tail pieces which are permanently attached to the “U” bend shall also be removable without removing the strainer from the fixture. (b) Cleanout openings —(1) Location of cleanout fittings. (i) Cleanouts shall be installed if the drainage system cannot be cleaned through fixtures, drains, or vents. Cleanouts shall also be provided when fittings of more than 45 degrees are used to affect an offset except where long turn ells are used which provide sufficient “sweep” for cleaning. (ii) A full size cleanout shall be installed at the upper end of any section of drain piping which does not have the required minimum slope of 1/4 inch per foot grade. (iii) A cleaning tool shall not be required to pass through more than 360 degrees of fittings, excluding removable “P” traps, to reach any part of the drainage system. Water closets may be removed for drainage system access. (2) Access to cleanouts. Cleanouts shall be accessible through an unobstructed minimum clearance of 12 inches directly in front of the opening. Each cleanout fitting shall open in a direction opposite to the flow or at right angles to the pipe. Concealed cleanouts that are not provided with access covers shall be extended to a point above the floor or outside of the manufactured home, with pipe and fittings installed, as required, for drainage piping without sags and pockets. (3) Material. Plugs and caps shall be brass or approved or listed plastic, with screw pipe threads. (4) Design. Cleanout plugs shall have raised heads except that plugs at floor level shall have counter-sunk slots." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.7.1.7,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,G,Subpart G—Plumbing Systems,,§ 3280.607 Plumbing fixtures.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975, as amended at 42 FR 961, Jan. 4, 1977. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 52 FR 4586, Feb. 12, 1987; 58 FR 55014, Oct. 25, 1993; 70 FR 72049, Nov. 30, 2005; 71 FR 19639, Apr. 17, 2006; 78 FR 73985, Dec. 9, 2013; 79 FR 31863, June 3, 2014; 89 FR 75752, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) General requirements —(1) Quality of fixtures. Plumbing fixtures shall have smooth impervious surfaces, be free from defects and concealed fouling surfaces, be capable of resisting road shock and vibration, and shall conform in quality and design to listed standards. Fixtures shall be permanently marked with the manufacturer's name or trademark. (2) Strainers. The waste outlet of all plumbing fixtures, other than toilets, shall be equipped with a drain fitting that will provide an adequate unobstructed waterway. (3) Fixture Connections. Fixture tailpieces and continuous wastes in exposed or accessible locations must be of not less than No. 20 Brown and Sharpe gauge seamless drawn-brass tubing or other approved pipe or tubing materials. Inaccessible fixture connections must be constructed according to the requirements for drainage piping. The diameter of each fixture tailpiece, continuous waste, or waste and overflow must be not less than: (i) 1 1/2 inches, for sinks of two or more compartments, dishwashers, clothes washing machines, laundry tubs, bathtubs, and showers; and (ii) Not less than 1 1/4 inches for lavatories or single compartment sinks having a 2-inch maximum drain opening. (4) Concealed connections. Concealed slip joint connections shall be provided with adequately sized unobstructed access panels and shall be accessible for inspection and repair. (5) Directional fitting. An approved or listed “Y” or other directional-type branch fitting shall be installed in every tailpiece or continuous waste that receives the discharge from food waste disposal units, dishwashing, or other force-discharge fixture or appliance. (See also § 3280.607(b)(4)(ii).) (6) Water conservation. All lavatory faucets, showerheads, and sink faucets must not exceed a flow of 2.5 gallons per minute (gpm). (b) Fixtures —(1) Spacing. All plumbing fixtures shall be so installed with regard to spacing as to be reasonably accessible for their intended use. (2) Water closets. (i) Water closets shall be designed and manufactured according to approved or listed standards and shall be equipped with a water flushing device capable of adequately flushing and cleaning the bowl at each operation of the flushing mechanism. (ii) Water closet flushing devices shall be designed to replace the water seal in the bowl after each operation. Flush valves, flushometer valves, flushometer tanks and ballcocks shall operate automatically to shut off at the end of each flush or when the tank is filled to operating capacity. (iii) All water closets must be low consumption (1.6 gallons per flush (gpf)) closets. (iv) Flush tanks shall be fitted with an overflow pipe large enough to prevent flooding at the maximum flow rate of the ball cock. Overflow pipes shall discharge into the toilet, through the tank. (v) Floor Connection. Water closets must be securely bolted to an approved flange or other approved fitting that is secured to the floor by means of corrosion-resistant screws. The bolts must be of solid brass or other corrosion-resistant material and must not be less than 1/4 inch in diameter. A watertight seal must be made between the water closet and flange or other approved fitting by use of a gasket, sealing compound, or listed connector device. (vi) Floor connection. Water closets shall be securely bolted to an approved flange or other approved fitting which is secured to the floor by means of corrosion-resistant screws. The bolts shall be of solid brass or other corrosion-resistant material and shall be not less than one-fourth inch in diameter. A watertight seal shall be made between the water closet and flange or other approved fitting by use of a gasket or sealing compound. (3) Shower compartment. (i) Each compartment stall must be provided with an approved watertight receptor with sides and back extending with sides and back extending at least 1 inch above the finished dam or threshold. Except as provided by paragraph (b)(3)(v) of this section, the depth of a shower receptor must not be less than 2 inches or more than 9 inches measured from the top of the finished dam or threshold to the top of the drain. The wall area must be constructed of smooth, non-corrosive, and non-absorbent materials to a height not less than 6 feet above the bathroom floor level. Such walls must form a watertight joint with each other and with the bathtub, receptor or shower floor. The floor or compartment must slope uniformly to the drain not less than one-fourth nor more than 1/2 inch per foot. (ii) The joint around the drain connection shall be made watertight by a flange, clamping ring, or other approved listed means. (iii) Shower doors and tub and shower enclosures must be constructed so as to be waterproof and, if glazed, glazing must comply with ANSI Z97.1 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) (iv) Prefabricated plumbing fixtures shall be approved or listed. (v) Thresholds in roll-in-type shower compartments must be 1/2 inch maximum in height in accordance with paragraph (b)(3)(vi) of this section. In transfer type shower compartments, thresholds 1/2 inch maximum in height must be beveled, rounded, or be vertical. (vi) Changes in level of 1/4 inch maximum in height must be permitted to be vertical. Changes in level greater than 1/4 inch in height and not more than 1/2 inch maximum in height must be beveled with a slope not steeper than 1:2. (vii) Shower and tub-shower combination valves must be balanced pressure, thermostatic, or combination mixing valves that conform to the requirements of ASSE 1016 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). Such valves must be equipped with handle position stops that are adjustable in accordance with the valve manufacturer's instructions and to a maximum setting of 120 °F. Hot water supplied to bathtubs and whirlpool bathtubs are to be limited to a temperature of not greater than 120 °F by a water temperature limiting device that conforms to the requirements of ASSE 1070 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (4) Dishwashing machines. (i) A dishwashing machine must discharge its waste through a fixed air gap installed above the machine, through a high loop as specified by the dishwashing machine manufacturer, or into an open standpipe receptor with a height greater than the washing compartment of the machine. When a standpipe is used, it must be at least 18 inches, but not more than 30 inches, above the trap weir. The drain connections from the air gap or high loop are permitted to connect to an individual trap to a directional fitting installed in the sink tailpiece or to an opening provided on the inlet side of a food waste disposal unit. (ii) Drain from a dishwashing machine shall not be connected to a sink tailpiece, continuous waste line, or trap on the discharge side of a food waste disposal unit. (5) Clothes washing machines. (i) Clothes washing machines shall drain either into a properly vented trap, into a laundry tub tailpiece with watertight connections, into an open standpipe receptor, or over the rim of a laundry tub. (ii) Standpipes must be either 1 1/2 inch diameter minimum nominal iron pipe size, 1 1/2 inch diameter nominal brass tubing of not less than No. 20 Brown and Sharp gauge, or 1 1/2 inch diameter approved plastic materials. Receptors must discharge into a vented trap or must be connected to a laundry tub appliance by means of an approved or listed directional fitting. Each standpipe must extend not less than 18 inches or more than 42 inches above its trap and must terminate in an accessible location no lower than the top of the clothes washing machine. A removable, tight-fitting cap or plug must be installed on the standpipe when the clothes washer is not provided. (iii) Clothes washing machine drain shall not be connected to the tailpiece, continuous waste, or trap of any sink or dishwashing machine. (c) Installation —(1) Access. Each plumbing fixture and standpipe receptor shall be located and installed in a manner to be accessible for usage, cleaning, repair and replacement. Access to diverter valves and other connections from the fixture hardware is not required. (2) Alignment. Fixtures shall be set level and in true alignment with adjacent walls. Where practical, piping from fixtures shall extend to nearest wall. (3) Brackets. Wall-hung fixtures shall be rigidly attached to walls by metal brackets or supports without any strain being transmitted to the piping connections. Flush tanks shall be securely fastened to toilets or to the wall with corrosive-resistant materials. (4) Tub supports. Bathtub rims at wall shall be supported on metal hangers or on end-grain wood blocking attached to the wall unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer of the tub. (5) Fixture fittings. Faucets and diverters shall be installed so that the flow of hot water from the fittings corresponds to the left-hand side of the fitting. (6) Hydromassage bathtub —(i) Access panel. A door or panel of sufficient size must be installed to provide access to the pump for repair or replacement. (ii) Piping drainage. The circulation pump must be accessibly located above the crown weir of the trap. The pump drain line must be properly sloped to drain the volute after fixture use. (iii) Piping. Hydromassage bathtub circulation piping must be installed to be self-draining. (iv) Electrical. Wiring must comply with Articles 680.70, 680.71, and 680.72 of NFPA 70 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4)." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.7.1.8,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,G,Subpart G—Plumbing Systems,,§ 3280.608 Hangers and supports.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975, as amended at 86 FR 2521, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) Strains and stresses. Piping in a plumbing system shall be installed without undue strains and stresses, and provision shall be made for expansion, contraction, and structural settlement. (b) Piping supports. Piping must be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipe in alignment and carry the weight of the pipe and contents. Unless otherwise stated in the standards incorporated by reference for specific materials at § 3280.604(a), or unless specified by the pipe manufacturer, horizontal plastic drainage piping must be supported at intervals not to exceed 4 feet and horizontal plastic water piping must be supported at intervals not to exceed 3 feet. Vertical drainage and water piping must be supported at each story height. (c) Hangers and anchors. (1) Hangers and anchors shall be of sufficient strength to support their proportional share of the pipe alignments and prevent rattling. (2) Piping shall be securely attached to the structure by hangers, clamps, or brackets which provide protection against motion, vibration, road shock, or torque in the chassis. (3) Hangers and straps supporting plastic pipe shall not compress, distort, cut or abrade the piping and shall allow free movement of the pipe." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.7.1.9,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,G,Subpart G—Plumbing Systems,,§ 3280.609 Water distribution systems.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 52 FR 4586, Feb. 12, 1987; 53 FR 23611, June 23, 1988; 58 FR 55014, Oct. 25, 1993; 78 FR 73986, Dec. 9, 2013; 86 FR 2521, Jan. 12, 2021; 89 FR 75753, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Water supply —(1) Supply piping. Piping systems shall be sized to provide an adequate quantity of water to each plumbing fixture at a flow rate sufficient to keep the fixture in a clean and sanitary condition without any danger of backflow or siphonage. (See table in § 3280.609(f)(1)). The manufacturer shall include in his written installation instructions that the manufactured home has been designed for an inlet water pressure of 80 psi, and a statement that when the manufactured home is to be installed in areas where the water pressure exceeds 80 psi, a pressure reducing valve should be installed. (2) Hot water supply. Each dwelling unit equipped with a kitchen sink, and bathtub and/or shower must be provided with a hot water supply system including a listed water heater. (b) Water outlets and supply connections —(1) Water connection. Each manufactured home with a water distribution system shall be equipped with a 3/4 inch threaded inlet connection. This connection shall be tagged or marked “Fresh Water Connection” (or marked “Fresh Water Fill”). A matching cap or plug shall be provided to seal the water inlet when it is not in use, and shall be permanently attached to the manufactured home or water supply piping. When a master cold water shutoff full flow valve is not installed on the main feeder line in an accessible location, the manufacturer's installation instructions shall indicate that such a valve is to be installed in the water supply line adjacent to the home. When a manufactured home includes expandable rooms or is composed of two or more units, fittings or connectors designed for such purpose shall be provided to connect any water piping. When not connected, the water piping shall be protected by means of matching threaded caps or plugs. (2) Prohibited connections. (i) The installation of potable water supply piping or fixture or appliance connections shall be made in a manner to preclude the possibility of backflow. (ii) No part of the water system shall be connected to any drainage or vent piping. (3) Rim outlets. The outlets of faucets, spouts, and similar devices shall be spaced at least 1 inch above the flood level of the fixture. (4) Appliance connections. Water supplies connected to clothes washing or dishwashing machines shall be protected by an approved or listed fixed air gap provided within the appliance by the manufacturer. (5) Flushometer valves or manually operated flush valves. An approved or listed vacuum breaker shall be installed and maintained in the water supply line on the discharge side of a water closet flushometer valve or manually operated flush valve. Vacuum breakers shall have a minimum clearance of 6 inches above the flood level of the fixture to the critical level mark unless otherwise permitted in their approval. (6) Flush tanks. Water closet flush tanks shall be equipped with an approved or listed anti-siphon ball cock which shall be installed and maintained with its outlet or critical level mark not less than 1 inch above the full opening of the overflow pipe. (7) Hose bibbs. When provided, all exterior hose bibbs and laundry sink hose connections must be protected by a listed nonremovable backflow prevention device. This requirement is not applicable to hose connections provided for automatic washing machines with built-in backflow prevention or water heater drain valves. (8) Flushometer tanks. Flushometer tanks must be equipped with an approved air gap or vacuum breaker assembly that is located above the flood-level rim above the fixture. (c) Water heater safety devices —(1) Relief valves. (i) All water heaters shall be installed with approved and listed fully automatic valve or valves designed to provide temperature and pressure relief. (ii) Any temperature relief valve or combined pressure and temperature relief valve installed for this purpose shall have the temperature sensing element immersed in the hottest water within the upper 6 inches of the tank. It shall be set to start relieving at a pressure of 150 psi or the rated working pressure of the tank whichever is lower and at or below a water temperature of 210 °F. (iii) Relief valves must be provided with full-sized drains, with cross sectional areas equivalent to that of the relief valve outlet. The outlet of a pressure relief valve, temperature relief valve, or combination thereof, must not be directly connected to the drainage system. The discharge from the relief valve must be piped full size separately to the exterior of the manufactured home, not underneath the home, or to an indirect waste receptor located inside the manufactured home. Exterior relief drains shall be directed down and shall terminate between 6″ and 24″ above finished grade. Drain lines must be of a material listed for hot water distribution and must drain fully by gravity, must not be trapped, and must not have their outlets threaded, and the end of the drain must be visible for inspection. (iv) Relief valve piping designed to be located underneath the manufactured home is not required to be installed at the factory provided the manufacturer designs the system for site assembly and also provides all materials and components including piping, fittings, cement, supports, and instructions for proper site installation. (d) Materials —(1) Piping material. Water pipe shall be of standard weight brass, galvanized wrought iron, galvanized steel, Type K, L or M copper tubing, approved or listed plastic or other approved or listed material. (i) Plastic piping. All plastic water piping and fittings in manufactured homes must be listed for use with hot water. (ii) [Reserved] (2) Fittings. Appropriate fittings shall be used for all changes in size and where pipes are joined. The material and design of fittings shall conform to the type of piping used. Special consideration shall be given to prevent corrosion when dissimilar metals are joined. (i) Fittings for screw piping shall be standard weight galvanized iron for galvanized iron and steel pipe, and of brass for brass piping. They shall be installed where required for change in direction, reduction of size, or where pipes are joined together. (ii) Fittings for copper tubing shall be cast brass or drawn copper (sweat-soldered) or shall be approved or listed fittings for the purpose intended. (3) Prohibited material. Used piping materials shall not be permitted. Those pipe dopes, solder, fluxes, oils, solvents, chemicals, or other substances that are toxic, corrosive, or otherwise detrimental to the water system shall not be used. In addition, for those manufactured homes to be connected to a public water system, all water piping shall be lead-free (as defined in section 109(c)(2) of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986) with solders and flux containing not more than 0.2 percent lead and pipes and pipe fittings containing not more than 8.0 percent lead. (e) Installation of piping —(1) Minimum requirement. All piping equipment, appurtenances, and devices shall be installed in workmanlike manner and shall conform with the provisions and intent of this standard. (2) Screw pipe. Iron pipe-size brass or galvanized iron or steel pipe fittings shall be joined with approved or listed standard pipe threads fully engaged in the fittings. Pipe ends shall be reamed to the full bore of the pipe. Pipe-joint compound shall be insoluble in water, shall be nontoxic and shall be applied to male threads only. (3) Solder fittings. Joints in copper water tubes shall be made by the appropriate use of approved cast brass or wrought copper fittings, properly soldered together. The surface to be soldered shall be thoroughly cleaned bright mechanically. The joints shall be properly fluxed and made with a solder that contains no more than 0.2 percent lead. (4) Flared fittings. A flaring tool shall be used to shape the ends of flared tubing to match the flare of fittings. (5) Plastic pipe and fittings. Plastic pipe and fittings shall be joined by installation methods recommended by the manufacturer or in accordance with provisions of a listed standard. (f) Size of water supply piping —(1) Minimum size. The size of water supply piping and branch lines shall not be less than sizes shown in the following table: Minimum Size Tubing and Pipe for Water Distribution Systems *6 ft maximum length. Exceptions to table: 3/8 inch nominal diameter or 1/2 inch OD minimum size for clothes washing or dishwashing machines, unless larger size is recommended by the fixture manufacturer. 1/2 inch nominal diameter or 5/8 inch OD minimum size for flushometer or metering type valves unless otherwise specified in their listing. No galvanized screw piping shall be less than 1/2 inch iron pipe size. (2) Sizing procedure. Both hot and cold water piping systems shall be computed by the following method: (i) Size of branch. Start at the most remote outlet on any branch of the hot or cold water piping and progressively count towards the water service connection, computing the total number of fixtures supplied along each section of piping. Where branches are joined together, the number of fixtures on each branch shall be totalled so that no fixture is counted twice. Following down the left-hand column of the preceding table a corresponding number of fixtures will be found. The required pipe or tubing size is indicated in the other columns on the same line. (ii) A water heater, food waste disposal unit, evaporative cooler or ice maker shall not be counted as a water-using fixture when computing pipe sizes. (g) Line valves. Valves, when installed in the water supply distribution system (except those immediately controlling one fixture supply) and when fully opened, shall have a cross-sectional area of the smallest orifice or opening, through which the water flows, at least equal to the cross-sectional area of the nominal size of the pipe in which the valve is installed." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.8.1.1,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,H,"Subpart H—Heating, Cooling and Fuel Burning Systems",,§ 3280.701 Scope.,HUD,,,,"Subpart H of this standard covers the heating, cooling and fuel burning equipment installed within, on, or external to a manufactured home." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.8.1.10,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,H,"Subpart H—Heating, Cooling and Fuel Burning Systems",,"§ 3280.710 Venting, ventilation and combustion air.",HUD,,,"[49 FR 32012, Aug. 9, 1984, as amended at 58 FR 55018, Oct. 25, 1993; 86 FR 2523, Jan. 12, 2021]","(a) The venting as required by § 3280.707(b) shall be accomplished by one or more of the methods given in (a)(1) and (2) of this section: (1) An integral vent system listed or certified as part of the appliance. (2) A venting system consisting entirely of listed components, including roof jack, installed in accordance with the terms of the appliance listing and the appliance manufacturer's instructions. (b) Venting and combustion air systems shall be installed in accordance with the following: (1) Components shall be securely assembled and properly aligned at the factory in accordance with the appliance manufacturer's instructions except vertical or horizontal sections of a fuel fired heating appliance venting system that extend beyond the roof line or outside the wall line may be installed at the site. Sectional venting systems shall be listed for such applications and installed in accordance with the terms of their listings and manufacturers' instructions. In cases where sections of the venting system are removed for transportation, a label shall be permanently attached to the appliance indicating the following: Sections of the venting system have not been installed. Warning-do not operate the appliance until all sections have been assembled and installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Sections of the venting system have not been installed. Warning-do not operate the appliance until all sections have been assembled and installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. (2) Draft hood connectors shall be firmly attached to draft hood outlets or flue collars by sheet metal screws or by equivalent effective mechanical fasteners. (3) Every joint of a vent, vent connector, exhaust duct and combustion air intake shall be secure and in alignment. (c) Venting systems shall not terminate underneath a manufactured home. (d) Venting systems of fuel-burning appliances must terminate at least three feet above any motor-driven air intake discharging into habitable rooms when located within ten feet of the air intake. (e) The area in which cooking appliances are located shall be ventilated by a metal duct which may be single wall, not less than 12.5 square inches in cross-sectional area (minimum dimension shall be two inches) located above the appliance(s) and terminating outside the manufactured home, or by listed mechanical ventilating equipment discharging outside the home, that is installed in accordance with the terms of listing and the manufacturer's instructions. Gravity or mechanical ventilation shall be installed within a horizontal distance of not more than ten feet from the vertical front of the appliance(s). (f) Mechanical ventilation which exhausts directly to the outside atmosphere from the living space of a home shall be equipped with an automatic or manual damper. Operating controls shall be provided such that mechanical ventilation can be separately operated without directly energizing other energy consuming devices." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.8.1.11,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,H,"Subpart H—Heating, Cooling and Fuel Burning Systems",,§ 3280.711 Instructions.,HUD,,,"[89 FR 75755, Sept. 16, 2024]",Operating instructions for each appliance must be provided with the homeowner's manual. An additional copy of the operating instructions must be provided with each appliance unless the appliance is affixed with a permanent Quick Response (QR) Code. 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.8.1.12,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,H,"Subpart H—Heating, Cooling and Fuel Burning Systems",,§ 3280.712 Marking.,HUD,,,,"(a) Information on clearances, input rating, lighting and shutdown shall be attached to the appliances with the same permanence as the nameplate, and so located that it is easily readable when the appliance is properly installed or shutdown for transporting of manufactured home. (b) Each fuel-burning appliance shall bear permanent marking designating the type(s) of fuel for which it is listed." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.8.1.13,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,H,"Subpart H—Heating, Cooling and Fuel Burning Systems",,§ 3280.713 Accessibility.,HUD,,,"[58 FR 55018, Oct. 25, 1993]","Every appliance shall be accessible for inspection, service, repair, and replacement without removing permanent construction. For those purposes, inlet piping supplying the appliance shall not be considered permanent construction. Sufficient room shall be available to enable the operator to observe the burner, control, and ignition means while starting the appliance." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.8.1.14,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,H,"Subpart H—Heating, Cooling and Fuel Burning Systems",,"§ 3280.714 Appliances, cooling.",HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 58 FR 55018, Oct. 25, 1993; 70 FR 72051, Nov. 30, 2005; 78 FR 73989, Dec. 9, 2013; 89 FR 75755, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Every air conditioning unit or a combination air conditioning and heating unit shall be listed or certified by a nationally recognized testing agency for the application for which the unit is intended and installed in accordance with the terms of its listing. (1) Mechanical air conditioners shall be rated in accordance with the ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240 with Addenda 1 and 2 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) and certified by AHRI or other nationally recognized testing agency capable of providing follow-up service. (i) Electric motor-driven unitary air-cooled air conditioners and heat pumps in the cooling mode with rated capacity less than 65,000 BTU/hour (19,045 watts), when rated at AHRI standard rating conditions in ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240 with Addenda 1 and 2 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), must have seasonal energy efficiency (SEER) values not less than as specified in 10 CFR part 430, Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps Energy Conservation Standards. (ii) Heat pumps must be certified to comply with all requirements of the ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240 with Addenda 1 and 2 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). Electric motor-driven vapor compression heat pumps with supplemental electrical resistance heat must be sized to provide by compression at least 60 percent of the calculated annual heating requirements for the manufactured home being served. A control must be provided and set to prevent operation of supplemental electrical resistance heat at outdoor temperatures above 40 °F (4 °C), except for defrost conditions. Electric motor-driven vapor compression heat pumps with supplemental electric resistance heat conforming to ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240 with Addenda 1 and 2, must have Heating Season Performance Factor (HSPF) efficiencies not less than as specified in the 10 CFR part 430, Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps Energy Conservation Standards. (iii) Electric motor-driven vapor compression heat pumps with supplemental electric resistance heat conforming to ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240 with Addenda 1 and 2 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), shall show coefficient of performance ratios not less than shown below: Table 1 to Paragraph (a)(1)(iii) —COP (2) Gas fired absorption air conditioners must be listed or certified in accordance with ANSI Z21.40.1, (CSA Group; incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4), and certified by a nationally recognized testing agency capable of providing follow-up service. (3) Direct refrigerating systems serving any air conditioning or comfort-cooling system installed in a manufactured home shall employ a type of refrigerant that ranks no lower than Group 5 in the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. “Classification of Comparative Life Hazard of Various Chemicals.” (4) When a cooling or heat pump coil and air conditioner blower are installed with a furnace or heating appliance, they shall be tested and listed in combination for heating and safety performance by a nationally recognized testing agency. (5) Cooling or heat pump indoor coils and outdoor sections shall be certified, listed and rated in combination for capacity and efficiency by a nationally recognized testing agency(ies). Rating procedures shall be based on U.S. Department of Energy test procedures. (b) Installation and instructions. (1) The installation of each appliance shall conform to the terms of its listing as specified on the appliance and in the manufacturer's instructions. The installer shall include the manufacturer's installation instructions in the manufactured home. Appliances shall be secured in place to avoid displacement and movement from vibration and road shock. (2) Operating instructions shall be provided with the appliance. (c) Fuel-burning air conditioners shall also comply with § 280.707. (d) The appliance rating plate shall be so located that it is easily readable when the appliance is properly installed. (e) Every installed appliance shall be accessible for inspection, service, repair and replacement without removing permanent construction." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.8.1.15,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,H,"Subpart H—Heating, Cooling and Fuel Burning Systems",,§ 3280.715 Circulating air systems.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 52 FR 4589, Feb. 12, 1987; 58 FR 55019, Oct. 25, 1993; 70 FR 72051, Nov. 30, 2005; 78 FR 73989, Dec. 9, 2013; 89 FR 75755, Sept. 16, 2024]","(a) Supply system. (1) Supply air ducts, fittings, and any dampers contained there-in must be made of galvanized steel, tin-plated steel, or aluminum, or must be listed as Class 0 or Class 1 air ducts in accordance with UL 181 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). Air ducts and air connectors located within three feet of the furnace discharge must be rated to withstand the maximum air discharge temperature of the equipment. Air connectors must not be used for exterior manufactured home duct connections. A duct system integral with the structure must be of durable construction that can be demonstrated to be equally resistant to fire and deterioration as required by this section. Ducts constructed of sheet metal must be in accordance with the following table: Table 1 to Paragraph (a) (1)—Minimum Metal Thickness for Ducts 1 1 When “nominal” thickness are specified, 0.003 in. shall be added to these “minimum” metal thicknesses. (2) Sizing of ducts for heating. (i) Ducts shall be so designed that when a labeled forced-air furnace is installed and operated continuously at its normal heating air circulating rate in the manufactured home, with all registers in the full open position, the static pressure measured in the casing shall not exceed 90% of that shown on the label of the appliance. For upflow furnaces the static pressure shall be taken in the duct plenum. For external heating or combination heating/cooling appliances the static pressure shall be taken at the point used by the agency listing or certifying the appliance. (ii) When an evaporator-coil specifically designed for the particular furnace is installed between the furnace and the duct plenum, the total static pressure shall be measured downstream of the coil in accordance with the appliance label and shall not exceed 90 percent of that shown on the label of the appliance. (iii) When any other listed air-cooler coil is installed between the furnace and the duct plenum, the total static pressure shall be measured between the furnace and the coil and it shall not exceed 90 percent of that shown on the label of the furnace. (iv) The minimum dimension of any branch duct shall be at least 1 1/2 inches, and of any main duct, 2 1/2 inches. (3) Sizing of ducts. (i) The manufactured home manufacturer shall certify the capacity of the air cooling supply duct system for the maximum allowable output of ARI certified central air conditioning systems. The certification shall be at operating static pressure of 0.3 inches of water or greater. (See § 3280.511). (ii) The refrigerated air cooling supply duct system including registers must be capable of handling at least 300 cfm per 10,000 btuh with a static pressure no greater than 0.3 inches of water when measured at room temperature. In the case of application of external self contained comfort cooling appliances or the cooling mode of combination heating/cooling appliances, either the external ducts between the appliance and the manufactured home supply system shall be considered part of, and shall comply with the requirements for the refrigerated air cooling supply duct system, or the connecting duct between the external appliance and the mobile supply duct system shall be a part of the listed appliance. The minimum dimension of any branch duct shall be at least 1 1/2 inches, and of any main duct, 2 1/2 inches. (4) Airtightness of supply duct systems. A supply duct system shall be considered substantially airtight when the static pressure in the duct system, with all registers sealed and with the furnace air circulator at high speed, is at least 80 percent of the static pressure measured in the furnace casing, with its outlets sealed and the furnace air circulator operating at high speed. For the purpose of this paragraph and § 3280.715(b) pressures shall be measured with a water manometer or equivalent device calibrated to read in increments not greater than 1/10 inch water column. (5) Expandable or multiple manufactured home connections. (i) An expandable or multiple manufactured home may have ducts of the heating system installed in the various units. The points of connection must be so designed and constructed that when the manufactured home is fully expanded or coupled, the resulting duct joint will conform to the requirements of this part. (ii) The manufacturer must provide installation instructions for supporting, mechanically fastening, sealing, and insulating each crossover duct. The instructions must indicate that no portion of the crossover duct is to be in contact with the ground, and must describe the means to support the duct without compressing the insulation and restricting airflow. (6) Air supply ducts shall be insulated with material having an effective thermal resistance (R) of not less than 4.0 unless they are within manufactured home insulation having a minimum effective value of R-4.0 for floors or R-6.0 for ceilings. (7) Unless installed in a basement, supply and return ducts, fittings, and crossover duct plenums exposed directly to outside air, such as those under-chassis crossover ducts or ducts connecting external heating, cooling, or combination heating/cooling appliances, must be insulated with material having a minimum thermal resistance of R-8 in all Thermal Zones. All such insulating materials must have a continuous vapor barrier retarder having a perm rating of not more than 1 perm. Where ducts are exposed underneath the manufactured home, they must comply with paragraph (a)(5)(ii) of this section, and shall be listed for exterior use. (b) Return air systems —(1) Return air openings. Provisions shall be made to permit the return of circulating air from all rooms and living spaces, except toilet room(s), to the circulating air supply inlet of the furnace. (2) Duct material. Return ducts and any diverting dampers contained therein shall be in accordance with the following: (i) Portions of return ducts directly above the heating surfaces, or closer than 2 feet from the outer jacket or casing of the furnace shall be constructed of metal in accordance with § 3280.715(a)(1) or shall be listed Class 0 or Class 1 air ducts. (ii) Return ducts, except as required by paragraph (a) of this section, shall be constructed of one-inch (nominal) wood boards (flame spread classification of not more than 200), other suitable material no more flammable than one-inch board or in accordance with § 3280.715(a)(1). (iii) The interior of combustible ducts shall be lined with noncombustible material at points where there might be danger from incandescent particles dropped through the register or furnace such as directly under floor registers and the bottom return. (iv) Factory made air ducts used for connecting external heating, cooling or combination heating/cooling appliances to the supply system and return air system of a manufactured home shall be listed by a nationally recognized testing agency. Ducts applied to external heating appliances or combination heating/cooling appliances supply system outlets shall be constructed of metal in accordance with § 3280.715(a)(1) or shall be listed Class 0 or Class 1 air ducts for those portions of the duct closer than 2 feet from the outer casing of the appliance. (v) Ducts applied to external appliances shall be resistant to deteriorating environmental effects, including but not limited to ultraviolet rays, cold weather, or moisture and shall be resistant to insects and rodents. (3) Sizing. The cross-sectional areas of the return air duct shall not be less than 2 square inches for each 1,000 Btu per hour input rating of the appliance. Dampers shall not be placed in a combination fresh air intake and return air duct so arranged that the required cross-sectional area will not be reduced at all possible positions of the damper. (4) Permanent uncloseable openings. Living areas not served by return air ducts or closed off from the return opening of the furnace by doors, sliding partitions, or other means shall be provided with permanent uncloseable openings in the doors or separating partitions to allow circulated air to return to the furnace. Such openings may be grilled or louvered. The net free area of each opening shall be not less than 1 square inch for every 5 square feet of total living area closed off from the furnace by the door or partition serviced by that opening. Undercutting doors connecting the closed-off space may be used as a means of providing return air area. However, in the event that doors are undercut, they shall be undercut a minimum of 2 inches and not more than 2 1/2 inches, as measured from the top surface of the floor decking to the bottom of the door and no more than one half of the free air area so provided shall be counted as return air area. (c) Joints and seams. Joints and seams of sheet metal and factory-made flexible ducts, including trunks, branches, risers, crossover ducts, and crossover duct plenums, shall be mechanically secured and made substantially airtight. Slip joints in sheet metal ducts shall have a lap of at least one inch (1″) and shall be mechanically fastened. Tapes or caulking compounds shall be permitted to be used for sealing mechanically secure joints. Sealants and tapes shall be applied only to surfaces that are dry and dust-, dirt-, oil-, and grease-free. Tapes and mastic closure systems for use with factory-made rigid fiberglass air ducts and air connectors shall be listed in accordance with UL 181A (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). Tapes and mastic closure systems used with factory-made flexible air ducts and air connectors shall be listed in accordance with UL 181B (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). (d) Supports and protection. Ducts must be securely supported. Nails or other fasteners must not be driven or penetrate through duct walls. Where vertical ducts are installed within closets or rooms, they must be enclosed with materials equivalent to those used in the closet or room construction. (e) Registers and grilles. Fittings connecting the registers and grilles to the duct system must be constructed of metal or material that complies with the requirements of Class 1 or 2 ducts under UL 181 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). Air supply terminal devices (registers) when installed in kitchen, bedrooms, and bathrooms must be equipped with adjustable closeable dampers. Registers or grilles must be constructed of metal or conform with the following: (1) Be made of a material classified 94V-0 or 94V-1, when tested as described in UL 94-1996, with 2001 revisions, Test for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances, Fifth Edition; and (2) Floor registers or grilles shall resist without structural failure a 200 lb. concentrated load on a 2-inch diameter disc applied to the most critical area of the exposed face of the register or grille. For this test the register or grille is to be at a temperature of not less than 165 °F and is to be supported in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.8.1.2,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,H,"Subpart H—Heating, Cooling and Fuel Burning Systems",,§ 3280.702 Definitions.,HUD,,,"[40 FR 58752, Dec. 18, 1975. Redesignated at 44 FR 20679, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 52 FR 4586, Feb. 12, 1987; 58 FR 55015, Oct. 25, 1993; 78 FR 73987, Dec. 9, 2013; 89 FR 75753, Sept. 16, 2024]","The definitions in this subpart apply to subpart H only. Accessible, when applied to a fixture, connection, appliance or equipment, means having access thereto, but which may require the removal of an access panel, door or similar obstruction. Air conditioner blower coil system means a comfort cooling appliance where the condenser section is placed external to the manufactured home and evaporator section with circulating blower attached to the manufactured home air supply duct system. Provision must be made for a return air system to the evaporator/blower section. Refrigerant connection between the two parts of the system is accomplished by tubing. Air conditioner split system means a comfort cooling appliance where the condenser section is placed external to the manufactured home and the evaporator section incorporated into the heating appliance or with a separate blower/coil section within the manufactured home. Refrigerant connection between the two parts of the system is accomplished by tubing. Air conditioning condenser section means that portion of a refrigerated air cooling or (in the case of a heat pump) heating system which includes the refrigerant pump (compressor) and the external heat exchanger. Air conditioning evaporator section means a heat exchanger used to cool or (in the case of a heat pump) heat air for use in comfort cooling (or heating) the living space. Air conditioning self contained system means a comfort cooling appliance combining the condenser section, evaporator and air circulating blower into one unit with connecting ducts for the supply and return air systems. Air duct means conduits or passageways for conveying air to or from heating, cooling, air conditioning or ventilation equipment, but not including the plenum. Automatic pump (oil lifter) means a pump, not an integral part of the oil-burning appliance, that automatically pumps oil from the supply tank and delivers the oil under a constant head to an oil-burning appliance. Btu. British thermal units means the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. Btuh means British thermal units per hour. Burner means a device for the final conveyance of fuel or a mixture of fuel and air to the combustion zone. Central air conditioning system means either an air conditioning split system or an external combination heating/cooling system. Class 0 air ducts and air connectors means air ducts and air connectors having a fire hazard classification of zero when tested in accordance with UL 181 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). Class 1 air ducts and air connectors means air ducts and air connectors having a flame spread rating of not over 25 without evidence of continued progressive combustion and a smoke developed rating of not over 50 when tested in accordance with UL 181 (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4). Clearance means the distance between the appliance, chimney, vent, chimney or vent connector or plenum and the nearest surface. Combination space heating and water heating appliance means a listed unit that is designed to provide space heating and water heating from a single primary energy source. Connector-Gas appliance: means a flexible or semi-rigid connector used to convey fuel gas between a gas outlet and a gas appliance. Direct-vent system means a system or method of construction where all air for combustion is derived directly from the outside atmosphere and all flue gases are discharged to the outside atmosphere. Direct-vent system appliance means an appliance that is installed with a direct vent system. External combination heating/cooling system means a comfort conditioning system placed external to the manufactured home with connecting ducts to the manufactured home for the supply and return air systems. Factory-built fireplace means a hearth, fire chamber and chimney assembly composed of listed factory-built components assembled in accordance with the terms of listing to form a complete fireplace. Fireplace stove means a chimney connected solid fuel-burning stove having part of its fire chamber open to the room. Fuel gas piping system means the arrangement of piping, tubing, fittings, connectors, valves and devices designed and intended to supply or control the flow of fuel gas to the appliance(s). Fuel oil piping system means the arrangement of piping, tubing, fittings, connectors, valves and devices designed and intended to supply or control the flow of fuel oil to the appliance(s). Gas clothes dryer means a device used to dry wet laundry by means of heat derived from the combustion of fuel gases. Gas refrigerator means a gas-burning appliance which is designed to extract heat from a suitable chamber. Gas supply connection means the terminal end or connection to which a gas supply connector is attached. Gas supply connector, manufactured home means a listed flexible connector designed for connecting the manufactured home to the gas supply source. Gas vents means factory-built vent piping and vent fittings listed by an approved testing agency, that are assembled and used in accordance with the terms of their listings, for conveying flue gases to the outside atmosphere. (1) Type B gas vent means a gas vent for venting gas appliances with draft hoods and other gas appliances listed for use with Type B gas vents. (2) Type BW gas vent means a gas vent for venting listed gas-fired vented wall furnaces. Heat producing appliance means all heating and cooking appliances and fuel burning appliances. Heating appliance means an appliance for comfort heating, domestic water heating, or a combination of comfort heating and domestic water heating. Liquefied petroleum gases. The terms Liquefied petroleum gases, LPG and LP-Gas as used in this standard shall mean and include any material which is composed predominantly of any of the following hydrocarbons, or mixtures of them: propane, propylene butanes (normal butane or isobutane), and butylenes. Plenum means an air compartment which is part of an air-distributing system, to which one or more ducts or outlets are connected. (1) Furnace supply plenum is a plenum attached directly to, or an integral part of, the air supply outlet of the furnace. (2) Furnace return plenum is a plenum attached directly to, or an integral part of, the return inlet of the furnace. Quick-disconnect device means a hand-operated device which provides a means for connecting and disconnecting a gas supply or connecting gas systems and which is equipped with an automatic means to shut off the gas supply when the device is disconnected. Readily accessible means direct access without the necessity of removing any panel, door, or similar obstruction. Roof jack means that portion of a manufactured home heater flue or vent assembly, including the cap, insulating means, flashing, and ceiling plate, located in and above the roof of a manufactured home. Sealed combustion system appliance means an appliance which by its inherent design is constructed so that all air supplied for combustion, the combustion system of the appliance, and all products of combustion are completely isolated from the atmosphere of the space in which it is installed. Water heater means an appliance for heating water for domestic purposes." 24:24:5.1.2.1.2.8.1.3,24,Housing and Urban Development,XX,,3280,PART 3280—MANUFACTURED HOME CONSTRUCTION AND SAFETY STANDARDS,H,"Subpart H—Heating, Cooling and Fuel Burning Systems",,§ 3280.703 Minimum standards.,HUD,,,"[58 FR 55015, Oct. 25, 1993, as amended at 70 FR 72046, Nov. 30, 2005; 78 FR 73987, Dec. 9, 2013; 89 FR 75753, Sept. 16, 2024]","Heating, cooling, and fuel burning appliances and systems in manufactured homes shall be free of defects and shall conform to applicable standards (incorporated by reference, see § 3280.4) in this section unless otherwise specified in this part. When more than one standard is referenced, compliance with any one such standard shall meet the requirements of this part. (a) Appliances. (1) Liquid Fuel-Burning Heating Appliances for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles—UL 307A. (2) Fixed and Location-Dedicated Electric Room Heaters—UL 2021. (3) Electric Baseboard Heating Equipment—UL 1042. (4) Electric Central Air Heating Equipment—UL 1096. (5) Gas-Burning Heating Appliances for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles—UL 307B. (6) Gas Clothes Dryers Volume I, Type 1 Clothes Dryers—ANSI Z21.5.1 (CSA Group). (7) Gas-fired Water Heaters, Volume III, Storage Water Heaters with Input Ratings Above 75,000 BTU per Hour, Circulating and Instantaneous—ANSI Z21.10.3 (CSA Group). (8) Gas-Fired, Heat Activated Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Appliances—ANSI Z21.40.1 (CSA Group). (9) Gas-Fired Central Furnaces (Except Direct Vent Systems)—ANSI Z21.47(CSA Group). (10) Connectors for Outdoor Gas Appliances and Manufactured Homes—ANSI Z21.75 (CSA Group). (11) Decorative Gas Appliances for Installation in Solid Fuel Burning Fireplaces—RADCO DS-010. (12) Household Cooking Gas Appliances—ANSI Z21.1 (CSA Group). (13) Refrigerators Using Gas Fuel—ANSI Z21.19 (CSA Group). (14) Gas Water Heaters, Volume I, Storage Water Heaters with Input Ratings of 75,000 BTU per hour or Less—ANSI Z21.10.1 (CSA Group). (15) Household Electric Storage Tank Water Heaters—UL 174. (16) Household and Similar Electrical Appliances—Part 2-40: Particular Requirements for Electrical Heat Pumps, Air-Conditioners and Dehumidifiers—UL 60335-2-40. (17) Smoke Detectors for Fire Protective Signaling Systems—UL 268. (18) Single and Multiple Station Carbon Monoxide Alarms—UL 2034. (19) Electric Heating Appliances—UL 499. (b) Ferrous pipe and fittings. (1) Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless—ASTM A53/A53M. (2) Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Coiled Steel Tubing for Gas and Fuel Oil Lines—ASTM A539. (3) Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)—ANSI/ASME B1.20.1. (4) Welding and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe—ANSI/ASME B36.10. (c) Nonferrous pipe, tubing, and fittings. (1) Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube—ASTM B88. (2) Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Field Service—ASTM B280. (3) Connectors for Gas Appliances—ANSI Z21.24 (CSA Group). (4) Manually Operated Gas Valves for Appliances, Appliance Connector Valves and Hose End Valves—ANSI Z21.15 (CSA Group). (5) Standard for Gas Supply Connectors for Manufactured Homes—IAPMO TS 9. (6) Standard Specification for General Requirements for Wrought Seamless Copper and Copper-Alloy Tube—ASTM B251. (7) Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, Standard Sizes—ASTM B42. (d) Miscellaneous. (1) Factory-Made Air Ducts and Air Connectors—UL 181. (2) Closure Systems for use with Rigid Air Ducts and Air Connectors—UL 181A. (3) Closure Systems for use with Flexible Air Ducts and Air Connectors—UL 181B. (4) Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings—Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test—ANSI Z97.1. (5) Tube Fittings for Flammable and Combustible Fluids, Refrigeration Service, and Marine Use—UL 109. (6) Pigtails and Flexible Hose Connectors for LP-Gas—UL 569. (7) Roof Jacks for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles—UL 311. (8) Relief Valves for Hot Water Supply Systems—ANSI Z21.22. (9) Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use—Part 2-5: Particular requirements for automatic electrical burner control systems—ANSI Z21.20 (CSA Group). (10) Automatic Valves for Gas Appliances—ANSI Z21.21 (CSA Group). (11) Gas Appliance Thermostats—ANSI Z21.23 (CSA Group). (12) Gas Vents—UL 441. (13) Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment—NFPA 31. (14) National Fuel Gas Code—NFPA 54/ANSI Z223.1. (15) Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Systems—NFPA 90B. (16) Liquefied Petroleum Gases Code—NFPA 58. (17) Flares for Tubing—SAE J533. (18) Factory Built Chimneys for Residential Type and Building Heating Appliances—UL 103. (19) Factory-Built Fireplaces—UL 127. (20) Solid-Fuel Type Room Heaters—UL 1482. (21) Fireplace Stoves—UL 737. (22) Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment—ANSI/AHRI Standard 210/240 with Addenda 1 and 2. (23) Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings—ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2. (24) Requirements for Gas Connectors for Connection of Fixed Appliances for Outdoor Installation, Park Trailers, and Manufactured (Mobile) Homes to the Gas Supply—AGA No. 3."